People & Technology
Price chart
- MA5
- MA20
- MA60
Adjusted prices rescale past bars with coefficients taken from the base prices the exchange itself published, correcting for corporate actions such as stock splits and reverse splits. Cash dividends are not reflected, and the risk measures on this page never use these adjusted figures.
Each day's close multiplied by the listed share count of this share class alone, sampled weekly. It is the figure for this issue only, not a combined total across common and preferred shares.
Overview
Summary
People & Technology is a company established on December 29, 2003, in Gumi, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The company is listed on the KOSDAQ market.
The company provides manufacturing equipment based on Roll-to-Roll technology. Its business segments include secondary battery equipment for electrode processes and electronic material equipment for copper foil and films. Main products include coaters, presses, slitters, and notching equipment supplied to battery cell manufacturers and electronic material producers.
Business overview as filed
주식회사 피엔티는 Roll-to-Roll(RtoR) 기반의 정밀 공정 기술을 바탕으로, 2차전지 전극 공정 및 전자소재 제조 장비를 공급하는 장비 전문 기업입니다.
RtoR 공정은 연속된 필름 또는 금속박(Web)을 회전 롤에 감아가며 도포(Coating), 압연(Pressing), 절단(Slitting), 권취(Winding) 등의 공정을 고속·고정밀로 수행하는 자동화 설비로, 고속성, 정밀도, 공정 안정성이 동시에 요구되는 분야입니다. 피엔티는 이러한 RtoR 기술에 대한 독보적인 전문성을 바탕으로, 고객 맞춤형 고성능 장비를 지속적으로 개발해 왔습니다.
특히 2012년 리튬이온전지 극판용 고속 광폭 코터(Coater) 개발을 통해 기술력을 입증한 이후, 2차전지 장비 분야에서 고속·광폭 양산 장비를 지속적으로 공급하고 있으며, 동박, 분리막, 파우치용 필름 등 첨단 전자소재 제조 장비도 함께 제작하고 있습니다.
당사는 2차전지 뿐만 아니라 첨단 소재, 자동화, 제약·의료 등 다양한 산업군에서 RtoR 기반 공정 솔루션을 제공하고 있습니다.
주요 제품.jpg 주요 제품
■ 사업 부문별 개요당사가 영위하고 있는 사업부문을 요약하면 다음과 같습니다.
[ ㈜피엔티 사업부문 개요 ]
1) 2차전지 사업부 2차전지 사업부는 전기차, ESS, 모바일 기기 등에 적용되는 전극(양극·음극)의 제조 공정을 구성하는 핵심 장비를 공급 및 개발하고 있습니다. 주요 장비로는 코팅(Coater), 압연(Press), 절단(Slitter), 노칭(Notching) 장비 등이 있습니다.
장비 단품 외에도 전극 공정 전체를 아우르는 Turn-key 공급 역량을 보유하고 있습니다. 고객 맞춤형 설계 기반의 공정 통합 역량을 통해 코팅, 프레스, 슬릿, 노칭을 하나의 라인으로 통합한 Turn-key 프로젝트를 다수 수행하고 있으며, 이는 고객사의 초기 생산라인 투자 효율을 극대화하고, 당사의 수익성 제고에도 기여하고 있습니다. 또한, 주요 글로벌 셀 제조사들과의 협력을 통해 초대형화 및 공정 통합형 장비 개발이 가속화되고 있으며, 고부가가치 프로젝트 수주 비중도 꾸준히 증가하고 있습니다.
맞춤형 턴키 솔루션, 양산 장비, Lab & Pilot 장비는 물론, 건식 공정과 전고체 배터리와 같은 최첨단 기술 개발에 이르기까지 폭넓게 전개되고 있습니다. 배터리 소재에서부터 공정별 장비, 완제품에 이르는 Full Value Chain을 완성함으로써 단순한 장비 공급을 넘어, 공정 설계와 기술 컨설팅, 협력 네트워크 연계를 포함한 End-to-End 제조 파트너십을 제공하고 있습니다.
2차전지 생산 공정도.jpg 2차전지 전극 공정
2) 소재 사업부
소재 사업부는 전지박(동박), 광학필름, OCA 필름 등 고기능 전자소재의 생산에 사용되는 특수 장비를 공급하고 있습니다. 대표 장비에는 전해도금기, 연마기, 세정기, 제박기, 슬리터 등이 있으며, 특히 정밀한 두께 제어와 고속 가공이 가능한 설계 경쟁력을 바탕으로 국내외 시장 점유율을 확대하고 있습니다.
디스플레이용 필름을 포함해 다양한 산업용 필름의 코팅 및 슬리터링 장비를 생산하며 고속 정밀 코팅 및 UV 경화 기술로 최상의 제품을 생산하며 전자재료 및 전자기기 생산 장비를 제조하고 있습니다 뿐만 아니라, AI를 접목한 정밀 자동화 장비로서 MLCC Auto Line, 임플란트 가공라인 등 물류 자동화를 위한 중앙 통제 시스템을 제공하고 있습니다.
동박 생산 공정도.jpg 동박 생산 공정
■ 국산화 및 기술개발 이력
주식회사 피엔티는 2000년대 초부터 일본·독일 중심의 외산 장비를 대체하기 위한 국산화를 지속적으로 추진해왔으며, 주요 고객사들과의 협업을 통해 전극 및 소재 제조용 특화 장비의 상용화에 성공하였습니다. 특히 고속 압연 프레스, 건식 도포 Notching, 다단 Press-Slitter 통합라인 등에서 세계 최초 양산 실적을 보유하고 있으며, 기술 차별성과 선행 개발 역량을 입증하였습니다.
Company overview
1. 연결대상 종속회사 개황(연결재무제표를 작성하는 주권상장법인이 사업보고서, 분기ㆍ반기보고서를 제출하는 경우에 한함)연결대상 종속회사 현황(요약)
1-1. 연결대상회사의 변동내용
2. 회사의 법적ㆍ상업적 명칭
당사의 명칭은 주식회사 피엔티라고 표기합니다.또한 영문으로는 People & Technology, Inc (PNT) 라고 표기합니다.
3. 설립일자 및 존속기간(영구적으로 존속하는 경우에는 제외한다.)
당사는 Roll to Roll 기술을 바탕으로 2차전지 전극공정 장비(양극, 음극, 분리막 생산장비)와 Copper(전지박) 및 각종 IT용 소재를 생산하는 장비의 제작 판매를 주요 사업으로 하여 2003년 12월 29일에 경상북도 구미시 공단동에서 설립되었으며, 2020년 10월 26일 경상북도 구미시 첨단기업로 33 으로 본사 이전하였습니다.
4. 본사의 주소, 전화번호, 홈페이지 주소
5. 회사사업 영위의 근거가 되는 법률(해당하는 경우에만 기재한다)
- 해당사항 없습니다.
6. 중소기업 등 해당 여부
7. 주요 사업의 내용(주요제품 및 서비스 등을 포함한다) 및 향후 추진하려는 신규사업에 관한 간략한 설명 당사의 주요 사업(사업부문)과 사업내용은 다음과 같습니다.
8. 회사의 주권상장(또는 등록ㆍ지정) 및 특례상장에 관한 사항
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal 2025 business report (received 2026.03.16), tables and figures omitted.
- The summary is written separately from the filed text and is not the filer's wording, so it may phrase things differently from or omit parts of the original, which is shown alongside for checking.
- The company introduction reproduces the sentences the filer wrote in its business report, with tables, figures and the sentences that point to other sections of the report omitted, and the accuracy of their content has not been separately verified.
VaR
The headline's measure for each of the three windows on one scale, the dot being the estimate and the bar its interval. The windows are nested and share their observations, so the three readings are not three independent measurements. The selected window is highlighted.
The issue's daily returns over the chosen window counted into equal-width bins. The vertical lines mark the VaR and cVaR above on the loss side. The published VaR sample applies exclusion rules for halts and first sessions that this raw daily series does not, so the bars and the marks can differ slightly at the edges.
Deepest drawdown 58.6% (2026-07-29). How far below its previous peak the issue stood each day over the chosen window, a description of the path already travelled.
Characteristic line
- Intercept
- -0.031%[-0.314%, +0.253%]
- R squared
- 0.62
- Observations
- 252
- Trading-time corrected beta
- 1.01[0.84, 1.17]
A 252-day window rolled one day at a time over the longest daily span of the characteristic line. It shows when the beta against the KOSDAQ150 and the annualized volatility of the issue's excess return rose and fell, and unlike the headline figures above it carries no interval.
Each point is one period's index excess return and issue excess return, and the line is the regression fitted to those points. The risk-free rate is the certificate of deposit rate.
- Beta summarizes by regression how far the issue's return moved together with the KOSPI200 or KOSDAQ150 index return, and the index is only a stand-in for the whole market.
- The intercept is the average excess return the index does not explain, and when the interval shown beside it contains zero it cannot be told apart from zero.
- Beta and the intercept are computed from the sample of the chosen window and frequency and are not values for the period ahead.
- At the daily frequency a beta corrected for differences in trading times is shown alongside, and the gap between the two shows how much later than the index the issue's trades are reflected.
Financials
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | TTM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RevenueKRW 100M | 913 | 1,085 | 1,498 | 2,567 | 3,214 | 3,900 | 3,777 | 4,178 | 5,454 | 10,351 | 7,449 | 6,987 |
| Revenue growth% | — | 18.87 | 37.98 | 71.38 | 25.21 | 21.36 | -3.16 | 10.61 | 30.54 | 89.78 | -28.04 | — |
| Operating incomeKRW 100M | -2 | 75 | 103 | 38 | 15 | 553 | 544 | 778 | 769 | 1,632 | 956 | 712 |
| Operating income growth% | — | — | 37.46 | -63.45 | -60.64 | 3,642.13 | -1.61 | 42.93 | -1.08 | 112.19 | -41.40 | — |
| Net incomeKRW 100M | -2 | 29 | 22 | 7 | -30 | 344 | 527 | 597 | 685 | 1,422 | 695 | 788 |
| Net income growth% | — | — | -22.83 | -66.86 | -507.41 | — | 53.15 | 13.22 | 14.75 | 107.72 | -51.13 | — |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | — | 29 | 44 | 19 | -20 | 356 | 535 | 602 | 698 | 1,420 | 743 | 833 |
| Attributable to minoritiesKRW 100M | — | — | -21 | -11 | -10 | -12 | -8 | -5 | -13 | 3 | -48 | -45 |
| Operating margin% | -0.21 | 6.88 | 6.86 | 1.46 | 0.46 | 14.18 | 14.40 | 18.61 | 14.10 | 15.77 | 12.84 | 10.19 |
| Net margin% | -0.25 | 2.67 | 1.49 | 0.29 | -0.94 | 8.82 | 13.95 | 14.28 | 12.55 | 13.74 | 9.33 | 11.28 |
| ROE% | — | 5.23 | 6.82 | 2.48 | -2.55 | 26.66 | 28.67 | 24.89 | 15.31 | 23.08 | 10.73 | 11.32 |
| ROA% | -0.23 | 1.89 | 0.93 | 0.25 | -0.60 | 7.90 | 9.14 | 5.49 | 4.28 | 8.78 | 4.05 | 3.93 |
| Debt ratio% | 89.22 | 193.34 | 308.15 | 317.62 | 597.96 | 248.63 | 224.33 | 366.52 | 244.59 | 159.43 | 146.08 | 169.96 |
| Current ratio% | 238.03 | 115.32 | 114.32 | 119.98 | 104.44 | 106.31 | 120.48 | 113.15 | 116.06 | 127.57 | 136.73 | 148.75 |
| Quick ratio% | 149.86 | 57.48 | 36.87 | 49.16 | 35.20 | 38.47 | 40.56 | 23.13 | 23.19 | 42.12 | 49.63 | 64.06 |
| Reserve ratio% | 1,312.00 | 1,376.94 | 1,515.91 | 1,586.01 | 753.37 | 1,125.68 | 1,576.24 | 2,075.90 | 3,511.03 | 4,614.76 | 5,168.74 | 5,340.54 |
| Free cash flowKRW 100M | -121 | -75 | -146 | -232 | -290 | 148 | 172 | -219 | -1,657 | -338 | -1,232 | — |
| FCF margin% | -13.23 | -6.90 | -9.78 | -9.02 | -9.03 | 3.79 | 4.57 | -5.25 | -30.37 | -3.26 | -16.55 | — |
| OCF conversion% | — | -47.44 | -551.36 | -1,933.53 | — | 78.55 | 79.55 | 59.00 | -58.31 | 27.92 | 6.40 | — |
| Capex to revenue% | 9.97 | 5.64 | 1.55 | 3.45 | 10.41 | 3.14 | 6.53 | 13.68 | 23.05 | 7.10 | 17.14 | — |
| Receivable daysdays | — | 87.9 | 48.2 | 7.1 | 8.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory daysdays | — | 168.3 | 263.1 | 206.7 | 259.0 | 265.8 | 296.6 | 599.4 | 737.5 | 405.6 | 470.9 | — |
| Payable daysdays | — | 62.4 | 34.1 | 2.6 | 103.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycledays | — | 193.8 | 277.1 | 211.2 | 164.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EPSKRW | -31 | 387 | 581 | 225 | -115 | 1,717 | 2,407 | 2,704 | 3,136 | 6,231 | 3,131 | 3,516 |
| PERx | — | 27.65 | 23.49 | 47.56 | — | 14.24 | 18.20 | 16.03 | 16.07 | 6.07 | 12.01 | 10.48 |
| BPSKRW | — | 7,288 | 8,097 | 8,621 | 4,258 | 6,015 | 8,200 | 10,629 | 20,037 | 25,901 | 29,181 | 31,061 |
| PBRx | — | 1.47 | 1.69 | 1.24 | 1.69 | 4.07 | 5.34 | 4.08 | 2.52 | 1.46 | 1.29 | 1.19 |
| Dividend per shareKRW | — | — | — | — | — | 100 | 150 | 100 | — | 100 | 200 | — |
| Payout ratio% | — | — | — | — | — | 5.82 | 6.23 | 3.70 | — | 1.60 | 6.39 | — |
Consolidated basis
Profit flowKRW 100M
- Revenue
- 7,449
- Cost of sales
- 6,087
- Gross profit
- 1,362
- Operating income
- 956
- SG&A expenses
- 406
- Profit before tax
- 881
- Non-operating expenses
- 76
- Net income
- 695
- Income tax expense
- 182
- Other
- 4
This diagram traces where revenue goes at each step on its way to net income, using the filed amounts as they are. The non-operating result is taken as the difference between profit before tax and operating income and is shown as income or expense by its sign, and whatever a step's items leave unexplained is shown separately as other.
Revenue compositionKRW 100M
Margins%
Cash flow by activityKRW 100M
Balance sheet compositionKRW 100M
Debt ratio%
The left bar splits assets into current and non-current and the right bar splits the financing of those assets into liabilities and equity, so the two bars stand at the same height.
Quarterly resultsKRW 100M
Year-on-year growth%
Each quarterly bar is that quarter's three months and is never mixed with an annual figure. The growth rate is computed only where the same quarter a year earlier is also shown here, and is left blank when the base was a loss.
Cash conversion cycledays
Free cash flow breakdownKRW 100M
Inventory days and receivable days stack upward, payable days hang downward, and the cash conversion cycle they net to is drawn as the line. Each day count uses the average balance with the prior year, so the oldest year is not drawn. A day count whose line was not filed is left out, and the cycle is shown only for years that carry all three.
Free cash flow is cash from operating activities less spending on property, plant and equipment, and all three bars keep the sign as filed.
Owners' net margin%
Asset turnoverx
Financial leveragex
ROE%
ROE is the product of the owners' net margin, asset turnover and financial leverage. All three use period-end balances as denominators, and profit and equity are on the owners' basis, so the product matches the ROE in the table.
Financial statements
Balance sheet
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,018 | 1,535 | 2,409 | 2,909 | 5,003* | 4,354 | 5,764 | 10,879 | 16,013 | 16,203 | 17,181 | |
| 730 | 1,045 | 1,910 | 2,368 | 4,112* | 2,951 | 4,374 | 9,154 | 12,692 | 12,105 | 11,927 | |
| Cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | 57 | 48 | 17 | 69 | 42 | 147 | 309 | 162 | 246 | 353 | 486 |
| Short-term financial instrumentsKRW 100M | — | — | 63 | 13 | 48 | 38 | 54 | 46 | 131 | 151 | 200 |
| InventoriesKRW 100M | 270 | 524 | 1,294 | 1,398 | 2,726 | 1,883 | 2,902 | 7,283 | 10,156 | 8,108 | 7,598 |
| Trade and other receivablesKRW 100M | 186 | 337* | 59 | 41 | 114 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 288 | 490 | 499 | 541 | 892 | 1,403 | 1,390 | 1,725 | 3,321 | 4,097 | 5,254 | |
| Property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 255 | 430 | 419 | 471 | 777 | 829 | 1,017 | 1,498 | 3,001 | 3,777 | 4,959 |
| Intangible assetsKRW 100M | 7 | 26 | 31 | 30 | 30 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 480 | 1,012 | 1,819 | 2,212 | 4,286* | 3,105 | 3,987 | 8,547 | 11,366 | 9,957 | 10,199 | |
| 307 | 906 | 1,671 | 1,974 | 3,937* | 2,776 | 3,630 | 8,090 | 10,936 | 9,489 | 8,723 | |
| Trade and other payablesKRW 100M | 74 | 221* | 15 | 19* | 1,625 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Short-term borrowingsKRW 100M | 65 | 110 | 159 | 224 | 276 | 242 | 224 | 274 | 692 | 933 | 1,187 |
| Current portion of long-term borrowingsKRW 100M | — | 47 | 43 | 16 | 22 | 20 | 25 | 85 | 192 | 340 | 457 |
| 173 | 106 | 148 | 239 | 349 | 329 | 356 | 457 | 430 | 468 | 1,476 | |
| Long-term borrowingsKRW 100M | 69 | 106 | 59 | 68 | 347 | 325 | 350 | 450 | 424 | 459 | 1,294 |
| 538 | 523 | 590 | 697 | 717 | 1,249 | 1,777 | 2,332 | 4,647 | 6,246 | 6,982 | |
| Not applicable | 554 | 642 | 760 | 790 | 1,334* | 1,865 | 2,417 | 4,557 | 6,150 | 6,929 | |
| Issued capitalKRW 100M | 38 | 38 | 40 | 44 | 93 | 112 | 114 | 114 | 129 | 129 | 129 |
| Capital surplusKRW 100M | 179 | 179 | 213 | 312 | 332 | 541 | 556 | 556 | 2,036 | 2,036 | 2,036 |
| Retained earningsKRW 100M | 320 | 344 | 388 | 388 | 367 | 723 | 1,236 | 1,804 | 2,479 | 3,899 | 4,611 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive incomeKRW 100M | 1 | — | -7 | -7 | -7 | -8 | 4 | -12 | -43 | 133 | 161 |
| Other equityKRW 100M | 1 | -7 | 9 | 24 | 5 | -35* | -45 | -45 | -44 | -47 | -8 |
| Non-controlling interestsKRW 100M | Not applicable | -31 | -52 | -64 | -74 | -85* | -88 | -85 | 90 | 96 | 54 |
| 매출채권As filed | — | — | 468 | 844 | 1,161 | 488 | 602 | 445 | 790 | 1,612 | 1,420 |
| 유동계약자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,340 | 1,644 |
| 계약자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 335 | 283 | 904 | 1,022 | — | — |
| 단기금융자산As filed | 118 | 86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타유동금융자산As filed | 75 | 5 | 9 | 3 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 36 | 31 | 28 | 39 |
| 당기손익-공정가치 측정금융자산(유동)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 기타유동자산As filed | 20 | 44 | — | — | — | 38 | 201 | 227 | 317 | 512 | 541 |
| 당기손익-공정가치 측정금융자산(유동성)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 51 | — | — | — |
| 당기법인세자산As filed | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기금융자산As filed | 10 | 11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 27 | 9 | 13 |
| 장기금융상품As filed | — | — | 11 | 16 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 21 | — | — | — |
| 장기매도가능금융자산As filed | 9 | 11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 비유동 기타포괄손익-공정가치 측정 금융자산As filed | — | — | — | 13 | 35 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치 금융자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 38 | 15 | 12 | — | — | — |
| 비유동매도가능금융자산As filed | — | — | 11 | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익-공정가치 금융자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 24 | 24 | — | — | — |
| 투자부동산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 19 | — | 53 | 85 | 84 | 90 |
| 기타비유동금융자산As filed | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 10 |
| 기타비유동자산As filed | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동채권As filed | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 무형자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 30 | 33 | 37 | 21 | 18 | 15 |
| 이연법인세자산As filed | 4 | 9 | 23 | 7 | 39 | 26 | 55 | 61 | 83 | 108 | 87 |
| 장기매출채권 및 기타비유동채권As filed | — | — | 0 | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익-공정가치 측정금융자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25 | 29 | 29 |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치 측정금융자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57 | 51 | 51 |
| 단기매입채무As filed | — | — | 528 | 973 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기계약자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 448 | 228 | — | — | — | — |
| 기타유동금융부채As filed | 10 | 52 | 39 | 50 | 43 | 81 | 35 | 46 | 91 | 222 | 430 |
| 기타유동비금융부채As filed | 158 | 344 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기법인세부채As filed | — | 25 | 32 | 3 | 18 | 64 | 181 | 99 | 106 | 360 | 133 |
| 매입채무As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 529 | 686 | 1,725 | 1,519 | 1,632 | 833 |
| 유동성전환사채As filed | — | 109 | 81 | — | 139 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동파생상품부채As filed | — | — | — | 5 | 32 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 단기선수금As filed | — | — | 774 | 608 | 1,675 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 보통주자본금As filed | 38 | 38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 114 | 119 | — |
| 자본과부채총계As filed | 1,018 | 1,535 | 2,409 | 2,909 | 5,003 | 4,354 | 5,764 | 10,879 | 16,013 | 16,203 | 17,181 |
| 유동계약부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 1,789 | 2,432 | — | — | — | — |
| 유동성신주인수권부사채As filed | — | — | — | 76 | 29 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 계약부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5,801 | 8,234 | 5,907 | 5,539 |
| 기타유동부채As filed | — | — | — | — | 79 | 37 | 48 | 60 | — | 95 | — |
| 우선주자본금As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 15 | 10 | — |
| 전환사채As filed | 102 | — | 0 | 129 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 비유동파생상품부채As filed | — | — | 8 | 41 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동금융부채As filed | — | — | — | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 177 |
| 신주인수권부사채As filed | — | — | 80 | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타 유동부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 102 | — | 143 |
| 장기종업원급여채무As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 | — | 3 | 4 | 6 |
| 확정급여채무As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | — | 4 | — | — | — |
| 장기매입채무 및 기타비유동채무As filed | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동부채As filed | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 납입자본As filed | 217 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 자기주식As filed | -8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 전환권대가As filed | 9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 해외사업환산손익As filed | -0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 이익준비금As filed | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 임의적립금As filed | 13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 미처분이익잉여금(미처리결손금)As filed | 304 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Income statement
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 913 | 1,085 | 1,498 | 2,567 | 3,214 | 3,900 | 3,777 | 4,178 | 5,454 | 10,351* | 7,449 | |
| Cost of salesKRW 100M | 813 | 862 | 1,261 | 2,376 | 2,906 | 3,164 | 2,944 | 3,101 | 4,316 | 8,219* | 6,087 |
| Gross profitKRW 100M | 100 | 224 | 236 | 190 | 308 | 736 | 833 | 1,077 | 1,139 | 2,132* | 1,362 |
| SG&A expensesKRW 100M | 102 | 149 | 134 | 153 | 293 | 183 | 289 | 300 | 369 | 500* | 406 |
| -2 | 75 | 103 | 38 | 15 | 553 | 544 | 778 | 769 | 1,632* | 956 | |
| Finance incomeKRW 100M | 3 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 17 | 16* | 19 |
| Finance costsKRW 100M | 9 | 13 | 18 | 23 | 31 | 22 | 16 | 20 | 34 | 66 | 67 |
| Other incomeKRW 100M | 11 | 57 | 18 | 37 | 55 | 67 | 221 | 107 | 123 | 315* | 130 |
| Other expensesKRW 100M | 8 | 72 | 55 | 15 | 86 | 161 | 42 | 144 | 44 | 51* | 157 |
| -6 | 49 | 54 | 39 | -35 | 437 | 709 | 725 | 831 | 1,847* | 881 | |
| Income tax expenseKRW 100M | -3 | 20 | 31 | 32 | -5 | 93 | 182 | 128 | 146 | 425 | 182 |
| Profit from continuing operationsKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 699 |
| Profit or loss from discontinued operationsKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -4 |
| -2 | 29 | 22 | 7 | -30 | 344 | 527 | 597 | 685 | 1,422 | 695 | |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | Not applicable | 29 | 44 | 19 | -20 | 356 | 535 | 602 | 698 | 1,420 | 743 |
| Attributable to minoritiesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | -21 | -11 | -10 | -12 | -8 | -5 | -13 | 3 | -48 |
| Basic earnings per shareKRW | -31 | 387 | 581 | 225* | -115 | 1,717 | 2,407 | 2,704 | 3,136 | 6,231 | Not applicable |
| Diluted earnings per shareKRW | -31 | 387 | 568 | 220* | -115 | 1,717 | 2,407 | 2,704 | 2,765 | 5,627 | Not applicable |
| -3 | 21 | 19 | 7* | -29 | 343 | 538 | 581 | 654 | 1,599 | 723 | |
| Other comprehensive incomeKRW 100M | -1 | -8 | -4 | 0* | 1 | -1 | 11 | -16 | -31 | 176 | 28 |
| 매출액As filed | 913 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 매출원가As filed | 813 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 비지배지분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -13 | 3 | -48 |
| 급여As filed | 24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 지배기업지분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 355 | 546 | 586 | 666 | 1,596 | 771 |
| 퇴직급여As filed | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 복리후생비As filed | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는 지분법 적용대상 관계기업과 공동기업의 세후기타포괄손익에 대한 지분As filed | — | -4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 여비교통비As filed | 15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 접대비As filed | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 지분법이익잉여금변동As filed | — | -4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되는 세후기타포괄손익As filed | -1 | -3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류될 수 있는 항목(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | -4 | 0 | 1 | — | — | — | -27 | — | — |
| 통신비As filed | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 계속영업기본주당이익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 수도광열비As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 해외사업장환산외환차이As filed | -1 | -3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는항목As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | -0 | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는항목(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | -4 | — | — |
| 세금과공과As filed | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 포괄손익, 지배기업의 소유주에게 귀속되는 지분As filed | -3 | 21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 해외사업장환산외환차이(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | -4 | 0 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 감가상각비As filed | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 무형자산상각비As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 중단영업기본주당이익(손실)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -0 |
| 공정가치측정금융자산평가이익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | -0 | — | — | — | — |
| 지분법 적용대상 관계기업과 공동기업의 기타포괄손익에 대한 지분(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 임차료As filed | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 후속적으로 당기손익으로 재분류될 수 있는 항목As filed | — | — | — | — | — | -1 | 11 | -16 | — | — | — |
| 계속영업희석주당이익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 수선비As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 보험료As filed | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 중단영업희석주당이익(손실)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -0 |
| 차량유지비As filed | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 해외사업환산손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | -1 | 11 | -16 | -27 | 181 | 28 |
| 운반비As filed | 6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 총 포괄손익, 지배기업의 소유주에게 귀속되는 지분As filed | — | — | 40 | 19 | -19 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 교육훈련비As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 총 포괄손익, 비지배지분As filed | — | — | -21 | -11 | -10 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 도서인쇄비As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 사무용품비As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 후속적으로 당기손익으로 재분류 될 수 있는 세후기타포괄손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 181 | — |
| 후속적으로 당기손익으로 재분류되는 세후기타포괄손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 28 |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정금융자산평가손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -4 | — | — |
| 소모품비As filed | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 지급수수료As filed | 30 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 광고선전비As filed | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 비지배분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | -12 | -8 | -5 | — | — | — |
| 대손상각비As filed | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 해외시장개척비As filed | 7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 후속적으로 당기손익으로 재분류될 수 없는 세후기타포괄손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -5 | — |
| 외환차익As filed | 7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 계속영업이익As filed | -2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 747 |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정지분상품평가손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -5 | — |
| 외화환산이익As filed | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 배당금수익As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 잡이익As filed | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 지배기업의 소유주에게 귀속될 중단영업손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -4 |
| 외환차손As filed | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 외화환산손실As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기부금As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 잡손실As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 이자수익As filed | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 이자비용As filed | 9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 지분법손실As filed | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow statement
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net incomefrom the income statement | -2 | 29 | 22 | 7 | -30 | 344 | 527 | 597 | 685 | 1,422 | 695 |
| Total adjustments to operating cash flowcomputed | -27 | -43 | -146 | -151 | 74 | -74 | -108 | -245 | -1,084 | -1,025 | -651 |
| -30 | -14 | -123 | -143 | 44 | 270 | 419 | 352 | -399 | 397 | 44 | |
| Interest receivedKRW 100M | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 16 | 15* | 20 |
| Interest paidKRW 100M | 2 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 13 | 11 | 15 | 22 | 49 | 67 | 71 |
| Income taxes paidKRW 100M | 25 | -0 | 37 | 46 | 12 | 31 | 94 | 216 | Not applicable | 194 | 400 |
| -116 | -23 | -9 | -46 | -399 | -95 | -245 | -677 | -1,365 | -678 | -1,213 | |
| Purchase of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 91 | 61 | 23 | 89 | 335 | 122 | 247 | 572 | 1,257 | 735 | 1,277 |
| Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | Not applicable | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 27 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| Purchase of intangible assetsKRW 100M | 0 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 0 | Not applicable | 2 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 118 | 29 | 103 | 242 | 327 | -70 | -20 | 188 | 1,850 | 377 | 1,300 | |
| Dividends paidKRW 100M | 7 | — | 0 | — | — | — | 22 | 33 | — | 0 | 25 |
| Acquisition of treasury sharesKRW 100M | 8 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 3 | — | — | — | 19 |
| Disposal of treasury sharesKRW 100M | 11 | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Issue of sharesKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | -0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cash at beginning of periodKRW 100M | 86 | 57 | 48 | 17 | 69 | 42 | 147 | 309 | 162 | 246 | 353 |
| 57 | 48 | 17 | 69 | 42 | 147 | 309 | 162 | 246 | 353 | 486 | |
| Effect of exchange rate changesKRW 100M | -1 | -1 | -2 | -1 | 1 | -2 | 7 | -9 | -1 | 10 | 2 |
| Net change in cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | -29 | -9 | -31 | 52 | -27 | 105 | 162 | -146 | 84 | 107 | 133 |
| 기타비유동금융부채의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| 당기순이익(손실)As filed | -2 | 29 | 22 | 7 | -30 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 영업으로부터 창출된 현금흐름As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 311 | 527 | 582 | -202 | — | — |
| 기타유동금융부채의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | — | — |
| 당기순이익조정을 위한 가감As filed | — | -43 | 124 | 86 | 200 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 배당금수취As filed | — | 0 | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — |
| 신주발행비 지급As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | — |
| 영업활동으로인한자산ㆍ부채의변동As filed | — | — | -227 | -188 | -102 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 조정As filed | -3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 비지배지분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 35 | — | — |
| 교환사채의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 188 |
| 배당금수취(영업)As filed | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 장기차입금의 증가As filed | — | — | 0 | 25 | 307 | — | — | — | 201 | 364 | 1,190 |
| 단기금융자산의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 54 | 43 | 67 | 176 | 653 | 185 |
| 상환전환우선주의 발행As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,495 | — | — |
| 기타유동금융자산의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16 | 10 | — | 0 | — |
| 단기차입금의 증가As filed | 54 | 44 | 49 | 66 | 52 | — | — | — | 326 | 487 | 516 |
| 종속기업 지배력 획득에 따른 현금흐름As filed | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동금융자산의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 4 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 15 |
| 기타비유동금융자산의 처분As filed | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 투자부동산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22 | — | — | — | — |
| 장기차입금의 상환As filed | — | 10 | 47 | 43 | 22 | 12 | — | 5 | — | 0 | — |
| 단기금융자산의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 44 | 59 | 59 | 182 | — | 234 |
| 단기차입금의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | 0 | 55 | 25 | 20 | 97 | 279 | 269 |
| 무형자산의 처분As filed | — | 3 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기금융상품의 처분As filed | 9 | — | 3 | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 단기금융상품의 처분As filed | — | 32 | 20 | 50 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동금융부채의 감소As filed | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 유동성장기차입금의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 6 | 6 | 25 | 84 | 192 | 277 |
| 장기금융자산의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 2 | 1 |
| 기타비유동금융자산의 취득As filed | — | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | — | 2 | — | — | — |
| 기타유동금융자산의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16 | — | — | — | — |
| 리스부채의 지급As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | — |
| 당기손익-공정가치금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 52 | — | — | — |
| 비유동매도가능금융자산의 취득As filed | — | 2 | 0 | 2 | 22 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 현금배당As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22 | — | — |
| 비지배지분의 출자As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 장기금융상품의 취득As filed | — | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 상환전환우선주 발행As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 종속기업, 조인트벤처와 관계기업에 대한 투자자산의 취득As filed | — | -3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동금융자산의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 6 | 1 | 17 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 기타유동금융부채(리스부채)의 지급As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 |
| 기타유동금융자산의 취득As filed | 0 | — | 0 | — | 18 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치 측정 금융자산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | — | 0 | — |
| 장기금융자산의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 2 | 19 | — |
| 단기금융상품의 취득As filed | 34 | — | 0 | — | 26 | — | — | — | — | 670 | — |
| 단기차입금의 차입As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 10 | 1 | 82 | — | — | — |
| 장기차입금의 차입As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 36 | 190 | — | — | — |
| 투자부동산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | 0 | — |
| 기타유동금융자산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 관계기업에 대한 투자자산의 취득As filed | — | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 전환사채의 증가As filed | — | — | — | 200 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 전환사채의 감소As filed | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 관계기업투자의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 45 | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 50 | — | — |
| 신주인수권부사채의 감소As filed | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 임대보증금의 증가As filed | — | — | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치 측정 금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 사업결합으로 인한 순현금흐름As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -45 | 0 | — |
| 환율변동효과 반영전 현금및현금성자산의 순증가(감소)As filed | -28 | -8 | -29 | 53 | -28 | — | — | — | 85 | 97 | 131 |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | — |
| 기타유동금융부채의증가(감소)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | -0 | -1 | -2 | — | — | — |
| 신주인수권부사채의 증가As filed | — | — | 100 | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 정부보조금의 수령As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 101 |
| 기타비유동비금융부채의증가(감소)As filed | — | — | — | — | -1 | -1 | -0 | — | — | — | — |
| 영업에서 창출된 현금흐름As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 643 | 495 |
| 임대보증금의 감소As filed | — | — | 0 | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 환율변동효과 반영전 현금및현금성자산의 순증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 106 | 155 | -138 | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동금융부채의증가(감소)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — |
| 법인세납부(환급)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 165 | — | — |
| 정부보조금의 수취As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 53 | — |
| 관계기업 투자주식의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 기타금융자산의 취득As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 차입금As filed | 69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
In the latest fiscal year operating and financing activities brought cash in while investing activities spent it.
A year whose own filing is absent is filled from the restated comparative in the following filing, and is marked as such. Operating indicators outside the statements, such as order backlogs, and audit opinions are not covered here, and per-share figures follow the filed values without retroactive adjustment for share splits.
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal {year} business report (received {date}), with tables, figures and cross-references to other sections omitted.
The newest annual filing shown was received on 2026.03.16.
Audit opinion
| Fiscal year | Opinion | Auditor | Fiscal year end |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 적정의견Term 23 | 성현회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2024 | 적정의견Term 22 | 성현회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2023 | 적정의견Term 21 | 성현회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2022 | 적정Term 20 | 다산회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2021 | 적정Term 19 | 다산회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2020 | 적정Term 18 | 다산회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2019 | 적정Term 17 | 선일회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
| 2018 | 적정Term 16 | 경신회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
| 2017 | 적정Term 15 | 경신회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
| 2016 | 적정Term 14 | 경신회계법인 | 2016-12-31 |
| 2015 | 적정Term 13 | 경신회계법인 | 2016-12-31 |
| 2014 | 적정Term 12 | 경신회계법인 | 2016-12-31 |
The auditor's name and the opinion are transcribed verbatim from the filed audit report, and the wording follows the filer. A fiscal year shown twice means the filing carried two entries that the source does not distinguish.
Korean audit opinions come in four kinds, where an unqualified opinion (적정) finds the statements fairly presented, a qualified opinion (한정) does so except for a stated matter, an adverse opinion (부적정) finds them not fairly presented, and a disclaimer of opinion (의견거절) means the auditor could not obtain enough evidence to form a view.
Valuation
Valuation multiplesx
PER and PBR divide each period's closing price by the per-share figure filed for that same period, and a loss period is left blank. The quarterly view is a multiple of quarterly EPS.
Dividend historyKRW
The dividend-per-share bars are restated onto the current share basis for splits and par-value changes. The payout ratio and the dividend yield divide figures filed for the same period and are left unadjusted.
Payout ratio and dividend yield%
PER bandKRW
The price is the adjusted close and each band line multiplies the EPS of the latest completed fiscal year by a fixed multiple. The previous year's EPS stays in force until the next fiscal year ends, and the multiples divide the range between the lowest and highest annual PER on record into equal steps.
Valuation models
Five models priced under one set of assumptions, set beside the current price, with how each has moved by fiscal year.
Assumptions
The risk premium and the terminal growth rate are adjustable assumptions, and the rest follow from the data and the formulas.
| Model | Model priceKRW | Versus current price |
|---|---|---|
| Gordon growth model | 2,846 | -91.4% |
| Dividend discount model DDM | 3,407 | -89.7% |
| Discounted cash flow FCFF | Base-year cash flow not positive | |
| Discounted cash flow FCFE | Base-year cash flow not positive | |
| Residual income model RIM | 37,441 | +13.5% |
Dividend and residual income familyKRW
Discounted cash flow familyKRW
How the figures are calculated
Each model's formula is shown in symbols and then with this issue's own numbers substituted, step by step. Changing a value in the assumptions panel changes the numbers here too. Firm-level amounts are in hundred million won and per-share values in won.
Cost of equity
r = 4.40% + 0.95 × 5.00% = 9.17%
Initial growth
g_1 = max(10.73% × (1 − 6.39%), 0) = 10.04%
Growth starts at this value in the first year and falls by equal steps each year to reach the terminal rate in the fifth
Gordon growth model
P_0 = 200 × (1 + 2.00%) / (9.17% − 2.00%) = 204 / 0.0717 = 2,846 KRW
Dividend discount model DDM
D_0 = 200, g_1 = 10.04%, g_T = 2.00%, r = 9.17%
| Year | Growth | Dividend KRW | Discount factor | Present value KRW |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.04% | 220 | 0.9160 | 202 |
| 2 | 8.03% | 238 | 0.8391 | 200 |
| 3 | 6.02% | 252 | 0.7686 | 194 |
| 4 | 4.01% | 262 | 0.7041 | 185 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 267 | 0.6450 | 172 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 3,806 | 0.6450 | 2,455 |
| Total | 3,407 | |||
P_0 = 3,407 KRW
Residual income model RIM
B_0 = 29,181 KRW, ROE = 10.73%, payout ratio = 6.39%, r = 9.17%, g_T = 2.00%
| Year | Opening book value | Earnings | Equity charge | Residual income | Discount factor | Present value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29,181 | 3,131 | 2,675 | 456 | 0.9160 | 418 |
| 2 | 32,113 | 3,446 | 2,944 | 502 | 0.8391 | 421 |
| 3 | 35,338 | 3,792 | 3,240 | 552 | 0.7686 | 424 |
| 4 | 38,888 | 4,173 | 3,565 | 608 | 0.7041 | 428 |
| 5 | 42,794 | 4,592 | 3,923 | 669 | 0.6450 | 431 |
| Terminal value | 9,516 | 0.6450 | 6,137 | |||
P_0 = 29,181 + 2,122 + 6,137 = 37,441 KRW
The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium. Initial growth is the newest fiscal year's return on equity times its retention ratio, floored at zero, and falls by equal steps from that value in the first year to the terminal rate in the fifth. Only the Gordon model grows at the terminal rate from the start. Discounted cash flow starts from operating cash flow less capital expenditure, where FCFF adds after-tax interest paid and discounts at the weighted average cost of capital, and FCFE adds net borrowing and discounts at the cost of equity. The residual income model adds to book value per share the present value of earnings above the equity charge.
- A model price is the arithmetic outcome of the stated assumptions, and is neither a target price nor a basis for an investment decision.
- The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium, and the risk premium and the terminal growth rate are assumptions the reader may change.
- The cash flow models take borrowings and cash only from years in which the filer itemized those lines, and a year without them yields no figure.
- Every model assumes the newest fiscal year's figures grow at a rate that converges in equal steps from the first year's rate to the terminal rate by the fifth year, and paths outside that assumption are not represented.