Alteogen
Price chart
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Adjusted prices rescale past bars with coefficients taken from the base prices the exchange itself published, correcting for corporate actions such as stock splits and reverse splits. Cash dividends are not reflected, and the risk measures on this page never use these adjusted figures.
Each day's close multiplied by the listed share count of this share class alone, sampled weekly. It is the figure for this issue only, not a combined total across common and preferred shares.
Overview
Summary
Alteogen is a biotechnology company established on May 13, 2008. The company is headquartered in Daejeon and is listed on the KOSDAQ market.
The company develops, produces, and distributes biopharmaceuticals including biobetters and new drugs. It utilizes platform technologies such as Hybrozyme, NexP, and NexMab. The company supplies technology to global pharmaceutical firms through license agreements and distributes a standalone injection product called Tergase. It also develops biosimilars for global markets.
Business overview as filed
당사는 고유의 원천기술인 정맥주사(Intravenous infusion, IV) 제형을 피하주사(Subcutaneous injection, SC) 제형으로 전환해주는 히알루로니다제 단백질 공학 기술(Hybrozyme™), 지속형 바이오의약품 기반 기술인 NexP™ 융합(Fusion), 차세대 항체-약물접합체 기반 기술인 NexMab™ (ADC 기술) 등의 플랫폼 기술(Platform Technology) 등을 기반으로 바이오의약품(바이오베터, 바이오신약 등)의 연구개발, 생산 및 판매 활동을 영위하는 바이오기업입니다. 또한 바이오시밀러 분야의 연구 개발 및 상업화 등을 진행하고 있습니다.바이오베터 및 바이오신약 분야에서 당사는 보유 원천기술인 플랫폼 기술에 대해 다국적제약사와 기술이전 라이선스 계약을 체결하여 해당 기술의 개발 및 상업화를 진행하고 있습니다. 사업보고서 제출일 기준으로 MSD(미국/캐나다 내 Merck), AstraZeneca, GSK, Daiichi Sankyo, Sandoz 등 글로벌 제약사들과 플랫폼 기술 개발 및 상업화에 대한 라이선스 계약을 체결하였습니다. 이러한 라이선스 계약으로 선급금(upfront), 마일스톤(milestone), 상업화 후 로열티(royalty) 등 지속적으로 안정적인 영업현금창출을 기대하고 있습니다.당사의 핵심 자산인 ALT-B4(물질명: berahyaluronidase alfa)를 사용한 피하주사(SC) 제형은 기존 정맥주사(IV) 제형에 비해 환자의 투약 편의성 및 약물전달의 효율을 증대시키고 전반적인 의료 비용을 절감할 수 있습니다. 또한 글로벌 제약사의 정맥주사 제품 외에 피하주사 제품을 추가함으로써 특허 연장 수단으로 활용할 수 있으며, 전 세계에서 가장 큰 의약품 시장인 미국의 메디케어 약가 인하 협상에서도 제외될 가능성이 있습니다. 이로 인해 기존 단일클론항체(mAb) 기반 치료제에 주로 적용하던 피하주사 제형 변경은 ADC(Antibody-drug conjugate), 이중항체(Bispecific antibody), RNA, 합성의약품 등으로 영역이 확대되고 있습니다.히알루로니다제(hyaluronidase)는 기존 정맥주사(IV) 제제에 혼합하여 피하주사 제형으로 변경하는 기능 이외에 단독으로 쓰일 때 통증 및 부종완화 기능도 있어 마취과, 통증의학과, 정형외과, 산부인과 및 피부과 등에서 처방되고 있습니다. 당사는 2024년 ALT-B4를 활용한 단독 주사제품을 상업화(ALT-BB4, 제품명: 테르가제주) 하였습니다. 동물유래 히알루로니다제(Animal-derived hyaluronidase)는 1950년대부터 시판되고 있으나 이종 단백질 함량이 높아 부작용 보고 건수가 증가하고 있어, 이를 유전자 재조합 인간유래 고순도 제품으로 대체할 수 있는 미충족수요(Unmet needs)가 확대되고 있습니다. 현재 히알루로니다제 단독 주사제품의 글로벌 시장은 연간 1.3조원 규모로 추산되며, 당사는 향후 해외 상업화 판매 진출을 계획하고 있습니다.바이오시밀러 사업은 중국 치루제약(Qilu Pharmaceutical)사에 허셉틴 바이오시밀러 기술수출을 하였으며 아일리아 바이오시밀러의 자체 개발 및 상업화를 목표로 하고 있습니다. 치루제약은 2024년 중국에서 상업화 판매( 중국 제품명: 安曲妥)가 이루어져 이로 인한 로열티 수익이 발생하고 있으며, 아이럭스비( Eyluxvi®, 아일리아 바이오시밀러)는 2024년 글로벌 임상 3상을 완료한 후 2025년 9월 유럽지역 품목허가를 획득했습니다.
Company overview
가. 연결대상 종속회사 개황(1) 연결대상 종속회사 현황(요약)
(2) 연결대상회사의 변동내용
나. 회사의 법적ㆍ상업적 명칭
당사는 '주식회사 알테오젠' 이라 표기 합니다. 또한 영문으로 'Alteogen Inc.' 이라 표기합니다.
다. 설립일자 및 존속기간당사는 2008년 5월 13일에 설립되었으며, 계속사업기업으로 존속기간이 정해져 있지 않습니다.
라. 본사의 주소, 전화번호, 홈페이지 주소○ 주소 : 대전광역시 유성구 유성대로 1628번길 62(전민동)○ 전화번호 : 042-384-8780○ 홈페이지 : http://www.alteogen.com
마. 중소기업 등 해당 여부
바. 주요 사업의 내용
사. 신용평가에 관한 사항
자. 회사의 주권상장(또는 등록ㆍ지정) 및 특례상장에 관한 사항
*특례상장 근거 : 코스닥시장상장규정 제2조에 따른 기술성장기업으로서 동 규정의 기술성장기업에 대한 상장 특례를 적용
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal 2025 business report (received 2026.03.23), tables and figures omitted.
- The summary is written separately from the filed text and is not the filer's wording, so it may phrase things differently from or omit parts of the original, which is shown alongside for checking.
- The company introduction reproduces the sentences the filer wrote in its business report, with tables, figures and the sentences that point to other sections of the report omitted, and the accuracy of their content has not been separately verified.
VaR
The headline's measure for each of the three windows on one scale, the dot being the estimate and the bar its interval. The windows are nested and share their observations, so the three readings are not three independent measurements. The selected window is highlighted.
The issue's daily returns over the chosen window counted into equal-width bins. The vertical lines mark the VaR and cVaR above on the loss side. The published VaR sample applies exclusion rules for halts and first sessions that this raw daily series does not, so the bars and the marks can differ slightly at the edges.
Deepest drawdown 52.1% (2026-07-22). How far below its previous peak the issue stood each day over the chosen window, a description of the path already travelled.
Characteristic line
- Intercept
- -0.114%[-0.519%, +0.291%]
- R squared
- 0.48
- Observations
- 252
- Trading-time corrected beta
- 0.73[0.54, 0.91]
A 252-day window rolled one day at a time over the longest daily span of the characteristic line. It shows when the beta against the KOSDAQ150 and the annualized volatility of the issue's excess return rose and fell, and unlike the headline figures above it carries no interval.
Each point is one period's index excess return and issue excess return, and the line is the regression fitted to those points. The risk-free rate is the certificate of deposit rate.
- Beta summarizes by regression how far the issue's return moved together with the KOSPI200 or KOSDAQ150 index return, and the index is only a stand-in for the whole market.
- The intercept is the average excess return the index does not explain, and when the interval shown beside it contains zero it cannot be told apart from zero.
- Beta and the intercept are computed from the sample of the chosen window and frequency and are not values for the period ahead.
- At the daily frequency a beta corrected for differences in trading times is shown alongside, and the gap between the two shows how much later than the index the issue's trades are reflected.
Financials
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | TTM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RevenueKRW 100M | 47 | 68 | 121 | 137 | 292 | 424 | 411 | 288 | 965 | 1,029 | 2,159 | 2,540 |
| Revenue growth% | — | 44.79 | 76.87 | 13.21 | 113.30 | 45.15 | -3.07 | -29.95 | 235.08 | 6.56 | 109.87 | — |
| Operating incomeKRW 100M | 1 | -54 | -62 | -77 | -23 | 1 | -128 | -294 | -97 | 254 | 1,069 | 1,198 |
| Operating income growth% | — | -4,462.41 | — | — | — | — | -12,437.09 | — | — | — | 320.80 | — |
| Net incomeKRW 100M | 12 | -36 | -74 | -71 | -17 | -34 | -92 | -101 | -36 | 607 | 1,452 | 1,978 |
| Net income growth% | — | -396.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 139.20 | — |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | 12 | -36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,417 | — |
| Attributable to minoritiesKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 35 | — |
| Operating margin% | 2.62 | -79.07 | -51.00 | -55.90 | -7.70 | 0.24 | -31.12 | -101.97 | -10.09 | 24.70 | 49.52 | 47.16 |
| Net margin% | 25.57 | -52.42 | -61.54 | -51.59 | -5.95 | -8.07 | -22.35 | -34.99 | -3.71 | 59.01 | 67.25 | 77.86 |
| ROE% | 3.13 | -7.93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 31.82 | — |
| ROA% | 3.07 | -7.48 | -17.32 | -9.90 | -2.02 | -2.15 | -3.53 | -4.11 | -1.40 | 14.84 | 20.78 | 26.73 |
| Debt ratio% | 2.16 | 6.02 | 7.95 | 7.02 | 22.47 | 16.83 | 94.39 | 68.86 | 73.23 | 49.22 | 53.76 | 35.21 |
| Current ratio% | 6,450.83 | 1,769.05 | 1,323.49 | 2,352.08 | 573.37 | 645.85 | 172.25 | 153.85 | 143.48 | 163.94 | 200.60 | 276.34 |
| Quick ratio% | — | 1,760.28 | 1,315.47 | 2,332.87 | 565.62 | 643.70 | 171.40 | 152.18 | 142.42 | 163.20 | 197.87 | 272.94 |
| Reserve ratio% | 1,158.49 | 1,336.06 | 519.08 | 856.48 | 894.63 | 816.23 | 526.36 | 458.74 | 444.99 | 908.24 | 1,564.10 | 1,902.28 |
| Free cash flowKRW 100M | -16 | -41 | -51 | -163 | 10 | -34 | -230 | -243 | -90 | 503 | 1,011 | — |
| FCF margin% | -33.02 | -59.89 | -41.75 | -119.04 | 3.32 | -8.11 | -55.94 | -84.35 | -9.31 | 48.93 | 46.85 | — |
| OCF conversion% | 187.37 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.40 | 85.50 | — |
| Capex to revenue% | 80.92 | 13.74 | 5.84 | 52.54 | 27.93 | 12.07 | 33.04 | 22.30 | 1.26 | 2.64 | 10.66 | — |
| Receivable daysdays | — | 54.9 | 46.8 | 81.0 | 40.4 | 19.5 | 39.7 | 95.1 | 48.2 | 65.6 | 42.2 | — |
| Inventory daysdays | — | — | 6.8 | 10.8 | 13.7 | 10.3 | 8.4 | 19.7 | 7.4 | 9.5 | 27.2 | — |
| Payable daysdays | — | — | 46.2 | 50.0 | 111.5 | 208.3 | 159.3 | 156.3 | 42.5 | 171.5 | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycledays | — | — | 7.4 | 41.8 | -57.4 | -178.5 | -111.3 | -41.5 | 13.1 | -96.4 | — | — |
| EPSKRW | 206 | -596 | -597 | -544 | -53 | -35 | -92 | -159 | -65 | 1,172 | 2,653 | — |
| PERx | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 264.08 | 169.43 | — |
| BPSKRW | — | 7,237 | 3,160 | 5,270 | 5,036 | 4,671 | 3,235 | 2,887 | 2,838 | 5,131 | 8,320 | 10,011 |
| PBRx | — | 4.53 | 7.03 | 5.43 | 13.28 | 38.47 | 23.40 | 13.25 | 34.70 | 60.32 | 54.02 | 36.06 |
| Dividend per shareKRW | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 371 | — |
| Payout ratio% | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 13.98 | — |
Consolidated basis
Profit flowKRW 100M
- Revenue
- 2,159
- Gross profit
- 1,656
- Cost of sales
- 502
- Operating income
- 1,069
- SG&A expenses
- 587
- Non-operating income
- 558
- Profit before tax
- 1,627
- Net income
- 1,452
- Income tax expense
- 176
This diagram traces where revenue goes at each step on its way to net income, using the filed amounts as they are. The non-operating result is taken as the difference between profit before tax and operating income and is shown as income or expense by its sign, and whatever a step's items leave unexplained is shown separately as other.
Revenue compositionKRW 100M
Margins%
Cash flow by activityKRW 100M
Balance sheet compositionKRW 100M
Debt ratio%
The left bar splits assets into current and non-current and the right bar splits the financing of those assets into liabilities and equity, so the two bars stand at the same height.
Quarterly resultsKRW 100M
Year-on-year growth%
Each quarterly bar is that quarter's three months and is never mixed with an annual figure. The growth rate is computed only where the same quarter a year earlier is also shown here, and is left blank when the base was a loss.
Cash conversion cycledays
Free cash flow breakdownKRW 100M
Inventory days and receivable days stack upward, payable days hang downward, and the cash conversion cycle they net to is drawn as the line. Each day count uses the average balance with the prior year, so the oldest year is not drawn. A day count whose line was not filed is left out, and the cycle is shown only for years that carry all three.
Free cash flow is cash from operating activities less spending on property, plant and equipment, and all three bars keep the sign as filed.
Owners' net margin%
Asset turnoverx
Financial leveragex
ROE%
ROE is the product of the owners' net margin, asset turnover and financial leverage. All three use period-end balances as denominators, and profit and equity are on the owners' basis, so the product matches the ROE in the table.
Financial statements
Balance sheet
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 394 | 479 | 430 | 714 | 860 | 1,592 | 2,603* | 2,455 | 2,561 | 4,090 | 6,987 | |
| 267 | 393 | 357 | 583 | 652 | 1,379 | 2,122* | 1,451 | 1,441 | 2,118 | 4,808 | |
| Cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | 71 | 84 | 52 | 89 | 44 | 389 | 105 | 458 | 302 | 190 | 664 |
| Short-term financial instrumentsKRW 100M | 69 | 209 | 272 | 426 | 576 | 948 | 1,925 | 817 | 551 | 1,653 | 3,636 |
| InventoriesKRW 100M | Not applicable | 2 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 10 | 16 | 11 | 10 | 65 |
| Trade and other receivablesKRW 100M | 4 | 17 | 15 | 46 | 18 | 27 | 62* | 88 | 167 | 202 | 296 |
| 127 | 86 | 73 | 131 | 208 | 213 | 481* | 1,004 | 1,120 | 1,972 | 2,179 | |
| Property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 41 | 47 | 50 | 117 | 192 | 195* | 293 | 270 | 188 | 192 | 404 |
| Intangible assetsKRW 100M | 2 | 21* | 4* | 5 | 6 | 9 | 112 | 472 | 892 | 1,120 | Not applicable |
| Investments in associatesKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9 |
| 8 | 27 | 32 | 47 | 158 | 229* | 1,264* | 1,001 | 1,083 | 1,349 | 2,443 | |
| 4 | 22 | 27 | 25 | 114 | 214* | 1,232* | 943 | 1,004 | 1,292 | 2,397 | |
| Trade and other payablesKRW 100M | Not applicable | 15 | 13 | 19 | 92 | 179* | 109* | 99 | 53 | 311 | Not applicable |
| Short-term borrowingsKRW 100M | — | 0 | — | — | 31 | 28 | 23 | 31 | 0 | — | 0 |
| Current portion of long-term borrowingsKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | — | — |
| Current lease liabilitiesKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 4 | 5 | 5 | 22 | 44 | 16 | 32* | 58 | 78 | 57 | 46 | |
| Long-term borrowingsKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | — | — | 10 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 0 | 50 | 40 |
| Non-current lease liabilitiesKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 386 | 452 | 398 | 667 | 702 | 1,363* | 1,339* | 1,454 | 1,478 | 2,741 | 4,544 | |
| 386 | 452 | 398 | 666 | 700 | 1,312* | 1,367* | 1,488 | 1,481 | 2,736 | 4,452 | |
| Issued capitalKRW 100M | 30 | 31 | 63 | 69 | 69 | 141* | 215 | 262 | 265 | 267 | 268 |
| Capital surplusKRW 100M | 288 | 400 | 384 | 713 | 754 | 1,296* | 1,462 | 1,022 | 1,033 | 1,653* | 1,999 |
| Retained earningsKRW 100M | 54 | 18 | -57 | -125 | -132 | -142* | -329* | 180 | 146 | 769 | 2,185 |
| Treasury sharesKRW 100M | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | 8 | 14 | 14 | 14 | — |
| Other equityKRW 100M | 14 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 16* | 19 | 23 | 37 | 48 | — |
| Non-controlling interestsKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | Not applicable | 1 | 2 | 51* | -28 | -34 | -3 | 5 | 92 |
| 유동만기보유금융자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 202 | 10 | — |
| 유동성장기금융상품As filed | 120 | 80 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 기타유동금융자산As filed | 189 | 289 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동계약자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 13 | 0 | 139 | 22 | 84 |
| 미청구용역As filed | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동 당기손익인식금융자산, 의무적으로 측정된 공정가치As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 51 | 0 | — |
| 기타유동비금융자산As filed | 3 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동당기손익인식지정금융자산As filed | — | — | 10 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타유동자산As filed | — | — | 6 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 4 | 8 | 10 | 22 | 52 |
| 당기법인세자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 |
| 상품As filed | — | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동금융자산As filed | 81 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 210 | 4 | 5 | — |
| 유동성당기손익인식공정가치측정금융자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 매각예정 또는 소유주에 대한 분배예정으로 분류된 비유동자산이나 처분자산집단As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 58 | 0 | — | — |
| 영업권As filed | — | — | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | — | — | — |
| 사용권자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 5 |
| 기타비유동자산As filed | — | — | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 65 | 48 | 18 | 11 | 5 |
| 매각예정 또는 소유주에 대한 분배예정으로 분류된 비유동자산이나 처분자산집단 합계As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 이연법인세자산As filed | 4 | 15 | 13 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 612 | 519 |
| 장기금융상품As filed | 81 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | — |
| 기타금융자산As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동비금융자산As filed | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 영업권, 총액As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | — |
| 기타유동금융부채As filed | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 20 | 23 | 18 | 40 | 158 | 84 | 148 |
| 단기매입채무As filed | — | — | — | — | 10 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 10 | 100 | — |
| 기타유동부채As filed | — | — | 11 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | — | — | — |
| 무형자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,201 |
| 유동계약부채As filed | — | — | — | — | 34 | 41 | 34 | 24 | 0 | 118 | 113 |
| 기타유동비금융부채As filed | 2 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동금융부채As filed | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 5 |
| 당기법인세부채As filed | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 | — | 0 | — |
| 유동성전환상환우선주부채As filed | — | — | — | — | 16 | 103 | 35 | 37 | 40 | 26 | — |
| 당기손익인식공정가치측정금융자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 27 |
| 비유동 당기손익인식금융자산, 의무적으로 측정된 공정가치As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12 | 27 | — |
| 장기매입채무 및 기타비유동채무As filed | — | — | — | 15 | 34 | 7 | 22 | 48 | 61 | 51 | — |
| 퇴직급여부채As filed | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| 기타비유동부채As filed | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동파생상품부채As filed | — | — | — | — | 0 | 9 | 26 | 26 | 9 | 22 | — |
| 기타 비유동채권As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9 |
| 이연법인세부채As filed | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동비금융부채As filed | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 보통주자본금As filed | — | — | 63 | 63 | 69 | 140 | 212 | 258 | 265 | 267 | — |
| 전환우선주부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,074 | 774 | 780 | 872 | 460 |
| 주식발행초과금As filed | — | — | 378 | 700 | 733 | 987 | 1,403 | 960 | 988 | 1,067 | — |
| 퇴직급여채무As filed | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 납입자본As filed | 318 | 431 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 자기주식처분이익As filed | — | — | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | — |
| 비유동계약부채As filed | — | — | — | — | 24 | 0 | 12 | 40 | 47 | 0 | 0 |
| 자본과부채총계As filed | 394 | 479 | 430 | 714 | 860 | 1,592 | 2,603 | 2,455 | 2,561 | 4,090 | 6,987 |
| 주식선택권As filed | — | — | 8 | 9 | 9 | 16 | 27 | 37 | 50 | 62 | — |
| 우선주자본금As filed | — | — | — | 5 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | — |
| 기타자본잉여금As filed | — | — | — | 8 | 15 | 304 | 53 | 56 | 40 | 579 | — |
| 유동전환사채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16 |
| 상환전환우선주부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 477 |
| 유동성장기차입금As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10 |
| 비유동충당부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | — |
| 유동 파생상품 금융부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,053 |
| 장기 사후처리, 복구, 정화 비용을 위한 충당부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — |
| 기타 유동부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 3 | 5 |
| 유동 복구충당부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 유동충당부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | — |
| 유동 사후처리, 복구, 정화 비용을 위한 충당부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | — |
| 유동매입채무As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 112 |
| 비유동파생상품부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| 비유동 전환사채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 비유동 복구충당부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 유동성전환사채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 14 | — |
| 유동 차입금As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 50 | — |
| 비유동차입금의 유동성 대체 부분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 전환사채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12 | — | — |
| 전환사채, 총액As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 비유동 사후처리, 복구, 정화 비용을 위한 충당부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | — |
| 기타 비유동 부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — |
Income statement
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 47 | 68 | 121 | 137 | 292 | 424 | 411* | 288 | 965 | 1,029 | 2,159 | |
| Cost of salesKRW 100M | 13 | 62 | 111 | 117* | 181 | 237 | 330 | 243 | 653 | 388 | 502 |
| Gross profitKRW 100M | 35 | 6 | 10 | 20* | 111 | 188 | 82* | 45 | 312 | 641 | 1,656 |
| SG&A expensesKRW 100M | 33 | 60 | 72 | 96* | 134 | 187* | 210* | 339 | 409 | 387 | 587 |
| 1 | -54 | -62 | -77 | -23 | 1* | -128* | -294 | -97 | 254 | 1,069 | |
| Finance incomeKRW 100M | 6 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 21 | 39 | 53* | 79 | 564 |
| Finance costsKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 7* | 123 |
| Other incomeKRW 100M | 4 | 6 | 1 | 9 | 3 | 8 | 170 | 171 | 100* | 88 | 179 |
| Other expensesKRW 100M | 1 | 3 | 18 | 1 | 5 | 39* | 139 | 12 | 84 | 47* | 62 |
| Share of profit of associatesKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -0 |
| 10 | -45 | -74 | -60 | -17 | -28* | -83* | -100 | -36 | 366 | 1,627 | |
| Income tax expenseKRW 100M | -2 | -9 | 1 | 10 | -1 | 6 | 9 | 1 | 0 | -241 | 176 |
| 12 | -36 | -74 | -71 | -17 | -34* | -92* | -101 | -36 | 607 | 1,452 | |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | 12 | -36 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 1,417 |
| Attributable to minoritiesKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 35 |
| Basic earnings per shareKRW | 206 | -596* | -597 | -544 | -53* | -35* | -92* | -159 | -65 | 1,172 | 2,653 |
| Diluted earnings per shareKRW | 199 | -596* | -597 | -544 | -53* | -35* | -92* | -159 | -65 | 1,163 | 2,591 |
| 12 | -36 | -74 | -71 | -17 | -34* | -92* | -101 | -36 | 607 | 1,452 | |
| Other comprehensive incomeKRW 100M | 0 | Not applicable | Not applicable | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 영업외비용As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 185 |
| 영업외수익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 744 |
| 포괄손익, 비지배지분As filed | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | -2 | -16 | 35 |
| 지분법이익As filed | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 포괄손익, 지배기업의 소유주에게 귀속되는 지분As filed | 12 | -36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | -34 | 623 | 1,417 |
| 총 포괄손익, 지배기업의 소유주에게 귀속되는 지분As filed | — | — | — | -69 | -7 | -10 | -39 | -81 | — | — | — |
| 총 포괄손익, 비지배지분As filed | — | — | — | -2 | -10 | -25 | -53 | -19 | — | — | — |
Cash flow statement
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net incomefrom the income statement | 12 | -36 | -74 | -71 | -17 | -34 | -92 | -101 | -36 | 607 | 1,452 |
| Total adjustments to operating cash flowcomputed | 11 | 4 | 31 | -20 | 109 | 51 | -2 | -78 | -42 | -76 | -210 |
| 23 | -32 | -43 | -91 | 91 | 17* | -94* | -179 | -78 | 530 | 1,241 | |
| Interest receivedKRW 100M | 4 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 11 | 8 | 13 | 38 | 47 | 58 | 66 |
| Interest paidKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Income taxes paidKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 32 | 3 |
| -42 | -50 | -3 | -228 | -220 | -429 | -1,260* | 502 | -93 | -1,078 | -2,311 | |
| Purchase of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 38 | 9 | 7 | 72 | 82 | 51* | 136 | 64 | 12 | 27 | 230 |
| Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 2 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
| Purchase of intangible assetsKRW 100M | 1 | 16 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4* | 105 | 361 | 422* | 217 | 104 |
| 1 | 94 | 17 | 354 | 86 | 759* | 1,070 | 29 | 17 | 433 | 1,556 | |
| Acquisition of treasury sharesKRW 100M | — | 8 | 12 | 0 | 0 | — | 8 | 6 | 0 | 0 | — |
| Disposal of treasury sharesKRW 100M | — | — | 26 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Issue of sharesKRW 100M | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | -0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cash at beginning of periodKRW 100M | 87 | 71 | 84 | 52 | 89 | 44 | 389 | 105 | 458 | 302 | 190 |
| 71 | 84 | 52 | 89 | 44 | 389 | 105 | 458 | 302 | 190 | 664 | |
| Effect of exchange rate changesKRW 100M | 2 | 1 | -2 | 2 | -3 | -2 | -0 | 0 | -3 | 3 | -13 |
| Net change in cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 당기순이익(손실)As filed | 12 | -36 | -74 | -71 | -17 | -34 | -92 | -101 | -36 | — | — |
| 당기순이익조정을 위한 가감As filed | — | — | 21 | 8 | 10 | 76 | 21 | -94 | 22 | — | — |
| 비용가산As filed | 8 | 5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 전환사채의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 17 | 0 | 0 |
| 기타 현금의 유입 없는 수익등As filed | — | — | 9 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 177 | 161 | 132 | — | — |
| 금융리스부채의 지급As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 |
| 기타 현금의 유출 없는 비용등As filed | — | — | 30 | 20 | 19 | 85 | 198 | 68 | 154 | — | — |
| 수익차감As filed | 10 | 9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 주식선택권행사로 인한 현금유입As filed | — | — | 3 | 7 | 29 | 24 | 13 | 27 | 24 | 62 | 75 |
| 운전자본의 변동As filed | 10 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 영업활동으로인한자산ㆍ부채의변동As filed | — | — | 4 | -32 | 90 | -32 | -28 | -15 | — | — | — |
| 장기차입금의 증가As filed | 0 | 0 | — | 15 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 |
| 임차보증금의 감소As filed | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | 0 | 4 |
| 단기금융상품의 취득As filed | 66 | 207 | 63 | 154 | 146 | 399 | 2,810 | 2,917 | 1,611 | 2,337 | 4,489 |
| 단기차입금의 증가As filed | — | 0 | 0 | 3 | 28 | 28 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 50 | 0 |
| 임차보증금의 증가As filed | — | — | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11 |
| 단기금융상품의 처분As filed | 143 | 187 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1,857 | 4,026 | 1,876 | 1,275 | 2,512 |
| 장기차입금의 상환As filed | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| 매도가능금융자산의 처분As filed | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 임대보증금의 감소As filed | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 임대보증금의 증가As filed | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 전환우선주의 보통주 전환으로 인한 현금유출As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 단기차입금의 상환As filed | — | 1 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 31 | 10 | 2 | 31 | 0 | — |
| 당기손익인식금융자산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 |
| 무형자산의 처분As filed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 장기금융상품의 취득As filed | 81 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| 전환우선주부채의 발행As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,045 | 0 | 20 | 65 | 0 |
| 상환전환우선주부채의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | 16 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| 유동성장기차입금의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | — |
| 리스부채의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | — |
| 상환전환우선주부채의 발행As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,549 |
| 종속기업취득 순현금흐름As filed | 0 | 5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 무상증자As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | -0 | -0 | 0 | 0 | — |
| 종속기업유상증자As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 362 | 25 | 4 | 0 | 209 | — |
| 전환우선주의 보통주 전환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 종속기업의 유상증자로 인한 현금유입As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 당기손익인식금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | 10 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | 3 |
| 전환우선주의 매입As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 14 |
| 기타금융자산의 취득As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타 장기성 자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 65 | -16 | — | — | — |
| 유동성 장기차입금의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 종속기업에 대한 투자자산의 취득As filed | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타금융자산의 처분As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 정부보조금의 수취As filed | — | — | 0 | — | — | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — |
| 파생금융부채의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| 단기차입금의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 50 |
| 우선주의 보통주 전환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | -0 | -0 | -0 | — | — |
| 국고보조금의 반환As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 보증금의 감소As filed | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기금융상품의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 | 10 |
| 보증금의 증가As filed | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 매각예정으로 분류된 비유동자산이나 처분자산집단의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 58 | 0 | 0 |
| 환율변동효과 반영전 현금및현금성자산의 순증가(감소)As filed | — | — | -30 | 35 | -42 | 347 | -284 | 353 | -154 | -115 | 487 |
| 국고보조금의 수령(반환)As filed | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 상환전환우선주의 발행As filed | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 주식매수선택권의 행사As filed | -1 | -3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 현금및현금성자산의 순증가(감소)As filed | -18 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타보증금의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 1 |
| 당기손익인식공정가치측정금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 62 | 15 | — |
| 연결자본거래로 인한 현금유입As filed | — | — | — | 10 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동성장기금융상품의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 202 | — |
| 전환우선주의 발행As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 298 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 전환우선주 발행As filed | — | — | — | 320 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타보증금의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -0 | 1 |
| 기타장기성자산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 30 | — | — |
| 종속기업의 유상증자As filed | — | — | — | — | 19 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익인식공정가치측정금융자산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 51 | — |
| 리스부채의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | -1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 정부보조금의 수령As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 |
| 기타장기성자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — |
| 영업에서 창출된 현금흐름As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 506 | 1,180 |
| 영업활동으로 인한 자산 부채의 변동As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -107 | — | — |
In the latest fiscal year operating and financing activities brought cash in while investing activities spent it.
A year whose own filing is absent is filled from the restated comparative in the following filing, and is marked as such. Operating indicators outside the statements, such as order backlogs, and audit opinions are not covered here, and per-share figures follow the filed values without retroactive adjustment for share splits.
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal {year} business report (received {date}), with tables, figures and cross-references to other sections omitted.
The newest annual filing shown was received on 2026.03.23.
Audit opinion
| Fiscal year | Opinion | Auditor | Fiscal year end |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 적정의견Term 18 | 삼일회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2024 | 적정의견Term 17 | 삼일회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2023 | 적정의견Term 16 | 이촌회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2022 | 적정Term 15 | 이촌회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2021 | 적정Term 14 | 이촌회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2020 | 적정Term 13 | 이촌회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2019 | 적정Term 12 | 이촌회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
| 2018 | 적정Term 11 | 이촌회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
| 2017 | 적정Term 10 | 이촌회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
| 2015 | 적정Term 9 | 이촌회계법인 | 2016-12-31 |
| 적정Term 8 | 이촌회계법인 | 2016-12-31 | |
| 2014 | 적정Term 7 | 안진회계법인 | 2016-12-31 |
The auditor's name and the opinion are transcribed verbatim from the filed audit report, and the wording follows the filer. A fiscal year shown twice means the filing carried two entries that the source does not distinguish.
Korean audit opinions come in four kinds, where an unqualified opinion (적정) finds the statements fairly presented, a qualified opinion (한정) does so except for a stated matter, an adverse opinion (부적정) finds them not fairly presented, and a disclaimer of opinion (의견거절) means the auditor could not obtain enough evidence to form a view.
Valuation
Valuation multiplesx
PER and PBR divide each period's closing price by the per-share figure filed for that same period, and a loss period is left blank. The quarterly view is a multiple of quarterly EPS.
Valuation models
Five models priced under one set of assumptions, set beside the current price, with how each has moved by fiscal year.
Assumptions
The risk premium and the terminal growth rate are adjustable assumptions, and the rest follow from the data and the formulas.
| Model | Model priceKRW | Versus current price |
|---|---|---|
| Gordon growth model | 3,876 | -98.5% |
| Dividend discount model DDM | 6,624 | -97.4% |
| Discounted cash flow FCFF | 34,690 | -86.5% |
| Discounted cash flow FCFE | 33,420 | -87.0% |
| Residual income model RIM | 47,824 | -81.4% |
Dividend and residual income familyKRW
Discounted cash flow familyKRW
How the figures are calculated
Each model's formula is shown in symbols and then with this issue's own numbers substituted, step by step. Changing a value in the assumptions panel changes the numbers here too. Firm-level amounts are in hundred million won and per-share values in won.
Cost of equity
r = 4.38% + 1.03 × 5.00% = 9.51%
Initial growth
g_1 = max(31.82% × (1 − 13.98%), 0) = 27.37%
Growth starts at this value in the first year and falls by equal steps each year to reach the terminal rate in the fifth
Gordon growth model
P_0 = 371 × (1 + 2.00%) / (9.51% − 2.00%) = 378 / 0.0751 = 5,037 KRW
Dividend discount model DDM
D_0 = 371, g_1 = 27.37%, g_T = 2.00%, r = 9.51%
| Year | Growth | Dividend KRW | Discount factor | Present value KRW |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27.37% | 473 | 0.9131 | 431 |
| 2 | 21.03% | 572 | 0.8338 | 477 |
| 3 | 14.69% | 656 | 0.7614 | 499 |
| 4 | 8.34% | 711 | 0.6952 | 494 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 725 | 0.6348 | 460 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 9,841 | 0.6348 | 6,247 |
| Total | 8,609 | |||
P_0 = 8,609 KRW
Residual income model RIM
B_0 = 8,320 KRW, ROE = 31.82%, payout ratio = 13.98%, r = 9.51%, g_T = 2.00%
| Year | Opening book value | Earnings | Equity charge | Residual income | Discount factor | Present value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8,320 | 2,648 | 792 | 1,856 | 0.9131 | 1,695 |
| 2 | 10,598 | 3,372 | 1,008 | 2,364 | 0.8338 | 1,971 |
| 3 | 13,499 | 4,295 | 1,284 | 3,011 | 0.7614 | 2,293 |
| 4 | 17,193 | 5,471 | 1,636 | 3,836 | 0.6952 | 2,667 |
| 5 | 21,900 | 6,969 | 2,083 | 4,885 | 0.6348 | 3,101 |
| Terminal value | 66,324 | 0.6348 | 42,105 | |||
P_0 = 8,320 + 11,727 + 42,105 = 62,153 KRW
Discounted cash flow FCFF
Base-year cash flow FCFF
FCFF_0 = 1,241.3 − 230.1 + 1.4 × (1 − 10.79%) = 1,012.5 KRW hundred million
Weighted average cost of capital
E = 178,711.3, D = 40.3 KRW hundred million; equity weight = 99.98%, debt weight = 0.02%; cost of debt k_d = 4.38%
WACC = 99.98% × 9.51% + 0.02% × 4.38% × (1 − 10.79%) = 9.51%
| Year | Growth | Cash flow KRW hundred million | Discount factor | Present value KRW hundred million |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27.37% | 1,289.6 | 0.9131 | 1,177.6 |
| 2 | 21.03% | 1,560.8 | 0.8338 | 1,301.4 |
| 3 | 14.69% | 1,790.0 | 0.7614 | 1,362.9 |
| 4 | 8.34% | 1,939.3 | 0.6953 | 1,348.4 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 1,978.1 | 0.6349 | 1,255.9 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 26,859.5 | 0.6349 | 17,052.6 |
| Total | 23,498.7 | |||
Firm value = 23,498.7; less borrowings 40.3; plus cash 663.8 → 24,122.3 KRW hundred million
P_0 = 24,122.3 KRW hundred million ÷ 53,505,788 (shares) = 45,083 KRW
Discounted cash flow FCFE
Base-year cash flow FCFE
FCFE_0 = 1,241.3 − 230.1 + -9.7 (net borrowing) = 1,001.5 KRW hundred million
| Year | Growth | Cash flow KRW hundred million | Discount factor | Present value KRW hundred million |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27.37% | 1,275.6 | 0.9131 | 1,164.8 |
| 2 | 21.03% | 1,543.8 | 0.8338 | 1,287.3 |
| 3 | 14.69% | 1,770.6 | 0.7614 | 1,348.1 |
| 4 | 8.34% | 1,918.3 | 0.6952 | 1,333.7 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 1,956.6 | 0.6348 | 1,242.2 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 26,563.6 | 0.6348 | 16,863.8 |
| Total | 23,239.8 | |||
P_0 = 23,239.8 KRW hundred million ÷ 53,505,788 (shares) = 43,434 KRW
The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium. Initial growth is the newest fiscal year's return on equity times its retention ratio, floored at zero, and falls by equal steps from that value in the first year to the terminal rate in the fifth. Only the Gordon model grows at the terminal rate from the start. Discounted cash flow starts from operating cash flow less capital expenditure, where FCFF adds after-tax interest paid and discounts at the weighted average cost of capital, and FCFE adds net borrowing and discounts at the cost of equity. The residual income model adds to book value per share the present value of earnings above the equity charge.
- A model price is the arithmetic outcome of the stated assumptions, and is neither a target price nor a basis for an investment decision.
- The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium, and the risk premium and the terminal growth rate are assumptions the reader may change.
- The cash flow models take borrowings and cash only from years in which the filer itemized those lines, and a year without them yields no figure.
- Every model assumes the newest fiscal year's figures grow at a rate that converges in equal steps from the first year's rate to the terminal rate by the fifth year, and paths outside that assumption are not represented.