Hanwha Engine
Price chart
- MA5
- MA20
- MA60
Adjusted prices rescale past bars with coefficients taken from the base prices the exchange itself published, correcting for corporate actions such as stock splits and reverse splits. Cash dividends are not reflected, and the risk measures on this page never use these adjusted figures.
Each day's close multiplied by the listed share count of this share class alone, sampled weekly. It is the figure for this issue only, not a combined total across common and preferred shares.
Overview
Summary
Hanwha Engine was established in 1999 and is listed on the KOSPI market. The company is headquartered in Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do.
The company operates as a comprehensive engine manufacturer. Its business segments include the supply of low and medium speed engines for large ships and power plants, the distribution of engine parts and services through its AM business, and the provision of environmental pollution prevention facilities.
Business overview as filed
가. 사업의 개요당사는 조선 산업의 핵심 기자재인 대형 선박용 엔진 제작을 중심으로 엔진 부품의 판매와 서비스를 제공하고 있으며, 디젤엔진을 이용한 발전시설을 공급하는 종합 엔진메이커입니다. 단기간에 누계 저속엔진 생산 1억마력을 달성하였으며, 2014년 세계 최초 선박용 이중연료(DF) 엔진 상용화 및 독자 기술로 친환경 탈질시스템(DelNOx)을 개발하는 등 기술개발을 선도하고 있습니다.(1) 선박엔진 및 SCR사업세계 선박용 엔진 생산 Top Maker로서 대형 상선에 탑재되는 저속엔진의 시장점유율 향상을 위해 노력하고 있으며, 엔진 설계, 생산, 판매부터 AM(After Market) 서비스로 이어지는 일관된 서비스 체제로 운영되고 있습니다. 이러한 풍부한 생산 경험을 바탕으로 다양한 고객의 니즈와 엄격한 환경규제에 선제적으로 대응하고 있습니다. SCR사업은 독자적인 기술로 개발한 친환경 탈질시스템(DelNOx)으로 선박엔진과 패키지 수주 또는 개별 수주하는 방식이며, IMO-TierⅢ 규제에 맞춰 개발하여 공급하고 있습니다.(2) AM사업AM사업은 전 세계 네트워크를 통해 선박엔진 및 발전엔진 등 엔진에 필요한 다양한 주요 순정부품 및 각종 서비스를 제공하고 있습니다.(3) 디젤발전사업전력시설이 부족한 신흥국가 및 도서지역을 중심으로 친환경 디젤발전시설을 공급하고 있으며, 또한 원자력 발전소에 비상용으로 설치되는 비상발전기를 공급하여 품질의 우수성과 성능을 인정받고 있습니다.나. 사업의 주요 제품별 매출 당기에 선박엔진 및 SCR 사업은 12,126억원으로 88.4%를 차지하며, AM사업, 디젤발전사업 및 임대 등은 1,585억원, 11.6%로 전체 13,711억원의 매출 실적을 기록하였습니다.
Company overview
가. 연결대상 종속회사 개황(1) 연결대상 종속회사 현황(요약)
(2) 연결대상회사의 변동내용
나. 회사의 법적ㆍ상업적 명칭당사의 명칭은 '한화엔진 주식회사'이며, 영문명은 'Hanwha Engine Co., Ltd.' 입니다. 단, 약식으로 표기할 경우에는 '한화엔진(주)'라고 표기합니다.다. 설립일자당사는 1999년 12월 30일에 설립되었으며, 2011년 1월 4일 유가증권시장에 상장되어 매매가 개시되었습니다.라. 본사의 주소, 전화번호, 홈페이지 주소 (1) 본사의 주소 : 경상남도 창원시 성산구 공단로 67(신촌동)(2) 전화번호 : 055-260-6000(3) 홈페이지 주소 : http://www.hanwha-engine.com
마. 중소기업 등 해당 여부당사는 중소기업기본법 제2조에 의한 중소기업에 해당되지 않으며, 벤처기업육성에 관한 특별조치법 제2조의2에 따른 벤처기업 및 중견기업 성장촉진 및 경쟁력 강화에 관한 특별법 제2조에 따른 중견기업에도 해당되지 않습니다.
바. 주요 사업의 내용 및 향후 추진하려는 신규사업현재 선박엔진사업, AM사업, 디젤발전사업 및 환경오염방지시설(이하 "SCR")업을 주요 사업으로 영위하고 있습니다.(1) 주요 사업의 내용1) 선박엔진 및 SCR사업: 대형선박 또는 특수선의 추진용 저ㆍ중속엔진 및 선박 내 발전용 보조엔진의 공급, 선박엔진의 환경오염방지 시설 설계, 제조, 판매, 설치 및 개조2) AM사업: 선박엔진용 주요 부품 판매 및 유상서비스 등3) 디젤발전사업: 디젤발전소용 저ㆍ중속엔진 및 원자력발전소의 비상발전용 중속엔진 그리고 그 주변기기의 공급 및 설치(2) 신규사업에 관한 사항 - 해당사항 없음(3) 종속회사의 주요 사업의 내용 - 해당사항 없음
사. 신용평가에 관한 사항(1) 회사채 신용평가
(2) 신용평가 등급체계와 부여 의미 (회사채)
AA부터 B까지는 동일 등급 내에서 세분하여 구분할 필요가 있는 경우에는 "+" 또는 "-"의 기호를 부여하고 있음.(3) 기업어음 신용평가
(4) 신용평가 등급체계와 부여 의미 (기업어음)
A2부터 B까지는 등급내에서 상대적인 우열에 따라 "+" 또는 "-"의 기호를 부여하고 있음.
아. 회사의 주권상장(또는 등록ㆍ지정) 및 특례상장에 관한 사항
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal 2025 business report (received 2026.03.18), tables and figures omitted.
- The summary is written separately from the filed text and is not the filer's wording, so it may phrase things differently from or omit parts of the original, which is shown alongside for checking.
- The company introduction reproduces the sentences the filer wrote in its business report, with tables, figures and the sentences that point to other sections of the report omitted, and the accuracy of their content has not been separately verified.
VaR
The headline's measure for each of the three windows on one scale, the dot being the estimate and the bar its interval. The windows are nested and share their observations, so the three readings are not three independent measurements. The selected window is highlighted.
The issue's daily returns over the chosen window counted into equal-width bins. The vertical lines mark the VaR and cVaR above on the loss side. The published VaR sample applies exclusion rules for halts and first sessions that this raw daily series does not, so the bars and the marks can differ slightly at the edges.
Deepest drawdown 57.5% (2026-08-03). How far below its previous peak the issue stood each day over the chosen window, a description of the path already travelled.
Characteristic line
- Intercept
- -0.110%[-0.683%, +0.463%]
- R squared
- 0.17
- Observations
- 252
- Trading-time corrected beta
- 0.72[0.37, 1.06]
A 252-day window rolled one day at a time over the longest daily span of the characteristic line. It shows when the beta against the KOSPI200 and the annualized volatility of the issue's excess return rose and fell, and unlike the headline figures above it carries no interval.
Each point is one period's index excess return and issue excess return, and the line is the regression fitted to those points. The risk-free rate is the certificate of deposit rate.
- Beta summarizes by regression how far the issue's return moved together with the KOSPI200 or KOSDAQ150 index return, and the index is only a stand-in for the whole market.
- The intercept is the average excess return the index does not explain, and when the interval shown beside it contains zero it cannot be told apart from zero.
- Beta and the intercept are computed from the sample of the chosen window and frequency and are not values for the period ahead.
- At the daily frequency a beta corrected for differences in trading times is shown alongside, and the gap between the two shows how much later than the index the issue's trades are reflected.
Financials
| 2015Consolidated basis | 2016Consolidated basis | 2017Consolidated basis | 2018Consolidated basis | 2019Consolidated basis | 2020Consolidated basis | 2021Consolidated basis | 2022Consolidated basis | 2023Separate basis | 2024Separate basis | 2025Consolidated basis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RevenueKRW 100M | 6,936 | 8,029 | 7,689 | 5,113 | 6,743 | 8,300 | 5,990 | 7,642 | 8,544 | 12,022 | 13,711 |
| Revenue growth% | — | 15.75 | -4.24 | -33.50 | 31.87 | 23.09 | -27.83 | 27.59 | — | 40.71 | — |
| Operating incomeKRW 100M | -638 | 42 | 135 | -353 | -218 | 200 | -398 | -295 | 87 | 715 | 1,301 |
| Operating income growth% | — | — | 218.07 | -362.12 | — | — | -298.69 | — | — | 719.51 | — |
| Net incomeKRW 100M | -1,254 | -1,812 | -103 | -187 | -414 | 60 | -397 | -403 | -4 | 792 | 1,738 |
| Net income growth% | — | — | — | — | — | — | -757.03 | — | — | — | — |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | — | — | -103 | -187 | -414 | 60 | -397 | -403 | — | — | 1,738 |
| Attributable to minorities | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Operating margin% | -9.19 | 0.53 | 1.75 | -6.91 | -3.24 | 2.41 | -6.64 | -3.86 | 1.02 | 5.95 | 9.49 |
| Net margin% | -18.08 | -22.57 | -1.35 | -3.65 | -6.15 | 0.73 | -6.63 | -5.27 | -0.05 | 6.58 | 12.67 |
| ROE% | — | — | -1.90 | -8.09 | -21.98 | 3.12 | -19.00 | -18.17 | — | — | 31.24 |
| ROA% | -8.92 | -13.36 | -0.84 | -2.51 | -4.99 | 0.84 | -4.99 | -4.21 | -0.04 | 5.60 | 10.25 |
| Debt ratio% | 144.67 | 153.89 | 126.70 | 221.78 | 340.34 | 272.59 | 280.50 | 331.46 | 407.19 | 259.30 | 204.92 |
| Current ratio% | 83.79 | 63.90 | 60.47 | 57.49 | 61.25 | 55.59 | 80.00 | 94.45 | 108.63 | 133.83 | 168.82 |
| Quick ratio% | 46.26 | 33.61 | 28.06 | 26.45 | 24.08 | 24.34 | 38.38 | 43.87 | 47.91 | 70.70 | 110.55 |
| Reserve ratio% | 779.76 | 525.20 | 514.09 | 548.42 | 421.12 | 440.21 | 295.68 | 176.00 | 170.81 | 334.59 | 531.00 |
| Free cash flowKRW 100M | — | — | -723 | 160 | -727 | 809 | -549 | -301 | 391 | 394 | 2,970 |
| FCF margin% | — | — | -9.40 | 3.13 | -10.78 | 9.75 | -9.17 | -3.94 | 4.57 | 3.27 | 21.66 |
| OCF conversion% | — | — | — | — | — | 1,385.55 | — | — | — | 114.17 | 190.11 |
| Capex to revenue% | — | — | 0.38 | 0.48 | 1.18 | 0.34 | 1.53 | 1.18 | 3.64 | 4.24 | 2.43 |
| Receivable daysdays | — | 29.4 | 25.3 | 18.1 | 26.3 | 23.5 | 27.2 | 31.2 | — | 33.6 | — |
| Inventory daysdays | — | 96.6 | 95.7 | 115.6 | 105.3 | 90.8 | 100.3 | 103.4 | — | 123.8 | — |
| Payable daysdays | — | 66.9 | 61.0 | 57.9 | 62.1 | 61.4 | 71.6 | 61.6 | — | 60.6 | — |
| Cash conversion cycledays | — | 59.0 | 60.0 | 75.9 | 69.5 | 52.9 | 56.0 | 73.0 | — | 96.9 | — |
| EPSKRW | -1,805 | -2,608 | -149 | -385 | -1,258 | 184 | -934 | -647 | -6 | 968 | 2,071 |
| PERx | — | — | — | — | — | 45.65 | — | — | — | 19.05 | 20.74 |
| BPSKRW | — | 7,687 | 7,815 | 7,012 | 5,722 | 5,892 | 4,476 | 3,098 | — | — | 6,664 |
| PBRx | — | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 1.43 | 1.86 | 2.40 | — | — | 6.44 |
| Dividend per share | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Profit flowKRW 100M
- Revenue
- 13,711
- Cost of sales
- 11,856
- Gross profit
- 1,855
- Operating income
- 1,301
- SG&A expenses
- 554
- Profit before tax
- 1,208
- Income tax benefit
- 530
- Non-operating expenses
- 93
- Net income
- 1,738
This diagram traces where revenue goes at each step on its way to net income, using the filed amounts as they are. The non-operating result is taken as the difference between profit before tax and operating income and is shown as income or expense by its sign, and whatever a step's items leave unexplained is shown separately as other.
Revenue compositionKRW 100M
Margins%
Cash flow by activityKRW 100M
Balance sheet compositionKRW 100M
Debt ratio%
The left bar splits assets into current and non-current and the right bar splits the financing of those assets into liabilities and equity, so the two bars stand at the same height.
Quarterly resultsKRW 100M
Each quarterly bar is that quarter's three months and is never mixed with an annual figure. The growth rate is computed only where the same quarter a year earlier is also shown here, and is left blank when the base was a loss.
Cash conversion cycledays
Free cash flow breakdownKRW 100M
Inventory days and receivable days stack upward, payable days hang downward, and the cash conversion cycle they net to is drawn as the line. Each day count uses the average balance with the prior year, so the oldest year is not drawn. A day count whose line was not filed is left out, and the cycle is shown only for years that carry all three.
Free cash flow is cash from operating activities less spending on property, plant and equipment, and all three bars keep the sign as filed.
Owners' net margin%
Asset turnoverx
Financial leveragex
ROE%
ROE is the product of the owners' net margin, asset turnover and financial leverage. All three use period-end balances as denominators, and profit and equity are on the owners' basis, so the product matches the ROE in the table.
Financial statements
Balance sheet
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14,060 | 13,564 | 12,313 | 7,434 | 8,301 | 7,233 | 7,956 | 9,562 | 11,369 | 14,131 | 16,957 | |
| 4,443 | 4,299 | 3,183 | 2,818 | 3,802 | 2,766 | 3,449 | 4,711 | 6,557 | 7,850 | 10,319 | |
| Cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | 455 | 728 | 722 | 598 | 211 | 453 | 541 | 546 | 1,028 | 1,330 | 2,767 |
| Short-term financial instrumentsKRW 100M | 173 | 76 | 115 | 267 | 203 | 122 | 127 | 152 | 186 | 66 | 1,340 |
| InventoriesKRW 100M | 1,990 | 2,038 | 1,706 | 1,522 | 2,307 | 1,555 | 1,794 | 2,523 | 3,665 | 3,703 | 3,562 |
| Trade and other receivablesKRW 100M | 533 | 761 | 306 | 202 | 772 | 298 | 596 | 713 | 863 | 1,351 | 1,657 |
| 9,617 | 9,266 | 9,131 | 4,616 | 4,500 | 4,467 | 4,508 | 4,852 | 4,812 | 6,281 | 6,638 | |
| Property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 5,060 | 4,982 | 4,895 | 4,365 | 4,224 | 3,648 | 3,613 | 3,542 | 3,799 | 4,155 | 4,336 |
| Intangible assetsKRW 100M | 285 | 78 | 65 | 61 | 49 | 45 | 38 | 34 | 29 | 57 | 96 |
| Investments in associatesKRW 100M | 3,914 | 72 | 122 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 28 | 365 | 12 | 13 | — |
| 8,314 | 8,222 | 6,882 | 5,124 | 6,416 | 5,292 | 5,865 | 7,346 | 9,127 | 10,198 | 11,396 | |
| 5,303 | 6,728 | 5,263 | 4,903 | 6,207 | 4,976 | 4,311 | 4,988 | 6,036 | 5,866 | 6,112 | |
| Trade and other payablesKRW 100M | 1,224 | 1,567 | 821 | 794 | 1,465 | 1,149 | 1,240 | 1,332 | 1,998 | 1,607 | 1,790 |
| Short-term borrowingsKRW 100M | 701 | 514 | 1,244 | 427 | 807 | 1,279 | 1,279 | 1,250 | 1,530 | 300 | — |
| Current portion of long-term borrowingsKRW 100M | — | 450 | 300 | — | — | — | 84 | 571 | 171 | 0 | — |
| 3,010 | 1,494 | 1,619 | 221 | 209 | 316 | 1,554 | 2,358 | 3,091 | 4,332 | 5,284 | |
| Bonds issuedKRW 100M | — | — | 1,288 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 439 | — |
| Long-term borrowingsKRW 100M | 750 | 300 | — | — | — | — | 757 | 197 | 26 | 0 | 100 |
| 5,747 | 5,343 | 5,432 | 2,310 | 1,885 | 1,941 | 2,091 | 2,216 | 2,241 | 3,933 | 5,561 | |
| 5,747 | 5,343 | 5,432 | 2,310 | 1,885 | 1,941 | 2,091 | 2,216 | Not applicable | Not applicable | 5,561 | |
| Issued capitalKRW 100M | 695 | 695 | 695 | 329 | 329 | 329 | 467 | 715 | 715 | 834 | 834 |
| Capital surplusKRW 100M | 3,672 | 3,672 | 3,672 | 1,746 | 1,746 | 1,746 | 2,090 | 2,735 | 2,735 | 3,502 | 3,528 |
| Retained earningsKRW 100M | 1,747 | -22 | -99 | 61 | -359 | -296 | -708 | -1,475 | -1,513 | -710 | 903 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive incomeKRW 100M | -374 | 991 | 1,158 | 722 | 716 | 709 | 790 | 791 | 853 | 856 | 845 |
| Other equityKRW 100M | 6 | 6 | 6 | -548 | -548 | -548 | -548 | -549 | -549 | -549 | -549 |
| Non-controlling interestsKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 파생상품평가자산As filed | 15 | 5 | — | — | — | 213 | 2 | 269 | 54 | 6 | 31 |
| 확정계약평가자산As filed | 482 | 302 | — | — | — | 3 | 169 | 291 | 226 | 1,183 | 807 |
| 단기대여금As filed | 12 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 계약자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 127 | — | 7 | 45 | — |
| 유동계약자산As filed | — | — | — | 12 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 단기미청구공사As filed | — | — | 15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기법인세자산As filed | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| 단기투자증권As filed | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동파생상품자산As filed | — | — | 181 | 14 | 41 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타유동자산As filed | 113 | 172 | 90 | 84 | 152 | 115 | 91 | 146 | 167 | 165 | 153 |
| 미청구공사As filed | 23 | 158 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동확정계약자산As filed | — | — | 40 | 116 | 111 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 매각예정자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 69 | 355 | 0 | — |
| 매각예정 또는 소유주에 대한 분배예정으로 분류된 비유동자산이나 처분자산집단As filed | 644 | 49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기금융상품As filed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 16 | 37 | 4 | 79 | 26 | 0 | 0 |
| 비유동매도가능금융자산As filed | — | — | 3,956 | 1 | 11 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기대여금As filed | 17 | 12 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| 장기투자증권As filed | 1 | 3,977 | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 12 | 12 |
| 장기기타채권As filed | 141 | 39 | 39 | 20 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 15 | 27 |
| 이연법인세자산As filed | — | — | — | 44 | 91 | 64 | 140 | 131 | 131 | 169 | 778 |
| 비유동파생상품자산As filed | — | — | 12 | 2 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 사용권자산As filed | — | — | — | — | 21 | 124 | 119 | 107 | 108 | 101 | 90 |
| 투자부동산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 455 | 477 | 472 | 490 | 490 | 490 |
| 비유동확정계약자산As filed | — | — | 1 | 35 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동자산As filed | 91 | 37 | 33 | 53 | 39 | 41 | 18 | 10 | 14 | 26 | 73 |
| 유동성사채As filed | — | 999 | 899 | 1,357 | 845 | — | — | — | — | — | 430 |
| 단기초과청구공사As filed | — | — | 115 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 부채와 자본총계As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 14,131 | 16,957 |
| 단기선수금As filed | — | — | 1,349 | 1,483 | 1,733 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동계약부채As filed | — | — | — | 46 | 25 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 파생상품평가부채As filed | 320 | 286 | — | — | — | — | 179 | 312 | 168 | 1,256 | 784 |
| 계약부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 17 | 24 | 1,253 | 1,810 | 2,269 | 2,509 |
| 확정계약평가부채As filed | 79 | 54 | — | — | — | 168 | 1 | 7 | 108 | 2 | 1 |
| 유동성전환사채As filed | — | — | — | 453 | 472 | 487 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동파생상품부채As filed | — | — | 12 | 116 | 103 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동화부채As filed | — | — | — | — | 434 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동화채무As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 203 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동확정계약부채As filed | — | — | 221 | 26 | 37 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 초과청구공사As filed | 97 | 166 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 선수금As filed | 2,630 | 2,392 | — | — | — | 1,368 | 1,289 | — | — | — | — |
| 유동성충당부채As filed | — | 47 | — | — | — | 62 | 75 | 98 | 54 | 46 | 60 |
| 유동충당부채As filed | — | — | 67 | 59 | 123 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 자본과부채총계As filed | — | — | 12,313 | 7,434 | 8,301 | 7,233 | 7,956 | 9,562 | 11,369 | — | — |
| 기타유동부채As filed | 208 | 253 | 235 | 141 | 165 | 242 | 141 | 165 | — | — | — |
| 당기법인세부채As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9 | 24 |
| 기타 유동부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 196 | 378 | 514 |
| 장기기타채무As filed | 81 | 26 | 21 | 40 | 28 | 132 | 97 | 87 | 87 | 105 | 201 |
| 퇴직급여부채As filed | — | — | 30 | 58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 금융보증부채As filed | 39 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 비유동파생상품부채As filed | — | — | 1 | 31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 충당부채As filed | 44 | — | — | — | — | 56 | 57 | 156 | 60 | — | 80 |
| 비유동확정계약부채As filed | — | — | 21 | 12 | 7 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 비유동충당부채As filed | 30 | 38 | 41 | 51 | 49 | — | — | — | — | 56 | — |
| 사채As filed | 1,895 | 898 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 385 | — | — |
| 순확정급여부채As filed | — | — | — | — | 87 | 73 | 93 | 48 | 71 | 50 | 83 |
| 이연법인세부채As filed | 24 | 89 | 204 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동부채As filed | — | 15 | 13 | 29 | 37 | 40 | 35 | 32 | — | — | — |
| 퇴직급여채무As filed | 79 | 65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타 비유동 부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 36 | — | 107 |
| 부채와자본총계As filed | 14,060 | 13,564 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타 비유동부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 64 | — |
Income statement
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6,936 | 8,029 | 7,689 | 5,113 | 6,743 | 8,300 | 5,990 | 7,642 | 8,544 | 12,022 | 13,711 | |
| Cost of salesKRW 100M | 6,948 | 7,613 | 7,139 | 5,094 | 6,636 | 7,767 | 6,091 | 7,620 | 8,109 | 10,859 | 11,856 |
| Gross profitKRW 100M | -12 | 416 | 550 | 19 | 107 | 533 | -101 | 23 | 435 | 1,163 | 1,855 |
| SG&A expensesKRW 100M | 626 | 374 | 415 | 372 | 325 | 333 | 296 | 318 | 347 | 448 | 554 |
| -638 | 42 | 135 | -353 | -218 | 200 | -398 | -295 | 87 | 715 | 1,301 | |
| Finance incomeKRW 100M | 944 | 966 | 989 | 576 | 687 | 805 | 561 | 1,371 | 1,278 | 3,553 | 1,706 |
| Finance costsKRW 100M | 1,247 | 1,150 | 1,172 | 644 | 863 | 978 | 624 | 1,472 | 1,419 | 3,524 | 1,727 |
| Other incomeKRW 100M | 21 | 14 | 40 | 133 | 3 | 70 | 68 | 39 | 84 | 35 | 35 |
| Other expensesKRW 100M | 843 | 3,040 | 35 | 4 | 66 | 9 | 112 | 15 | 41 | 7 | 108 |
| Share of profit of associatesKRW 100M | 105 | 1,289 | -6 | -3 | -0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 |
| -1,657 | -1,878 | -49 | -296 | -457 | 87 | -504 | -387 | -9 | 774 | 1,208 | |
| Income tax expenseKRW 100M | -403 | -66 | 55 | -109 | -43 | 27 | -107 | 16 | -5 | -18 | -530 |
| Profit from continuing operationsKRW 100M | -1,254 | -1,812 | -103 | -187 | -414 | 60 | -397 | -403 | -4 | — | — |
| -1,254 | -1,812 | -103 | -187 | -414 | 60 | -397 | -403 | -4 | 792 | 1,738 | |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | -103 | -187 | -414 | 60 | -397 | -403 | Not applicable | Not applicable | 1,738 |
| Attributable to minoritiesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Basic earnings per shareKRW | -1,805 | -2,608 | -149 | -385 | -1,258 | 184 | -934* | -647 | -6 | 968 | 2,071 |
| Diluted earnings per shareKRW | -1,805 | -2,608 | -149 | -385 | -1,258 | 184 | -934* | -647 | -6 | 968 | 2,071 |
| -1,261 | -404 | 89 | -276 | -425 | 56 | -331 | -370 | 25 | 805 | 1,602 | |
| Other comprehensive incomeKRW 100M | -7 | 1,408 | 192 | -89 | -11 | -4 | 66 | 33 | 29 | 13 | -135 |
| 당기손익으로 재분류될 수 있는 항목(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | -15 | -1 | 2 | -7 | — | -8 | -2 | — | -6 |
| 당기순이익(손실)As filed | -1,254 | -1,812 | -103 | -187 | -414 | 60 | -397 | -403 | -4 | 792 | 1,738 |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는 세후기타포괄손익As filed | 299 | -27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 파생상품평가손익(세후OCI)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | — |
| 포괄손익, 지배기업의 소유주에게 귀속되는 지분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,602 |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는 항목(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 63 | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는항목(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | 207 | -89 | -13 | 2 | — | 41 | 32 | — | -129 |
| 파생상품평가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -6 | — | 3 |
| 해외사업환산손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | -0 | — | 4 | 0 | — |
| 법인세비용차감후기타포괄손익, 확정급여제도의 재측정손익As filed | 0 | -5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 토지재평가잉여금As filed | — | — | — | — | -7 | — | 78 | 10 | 64 | 0 | -5 |
| 확정급여제도의 재측정손익(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | 21 | -4 | -6 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 확정급여제도의 재측정요소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | -15 | 31 | — | — | — |
| 지분법자본변동As filed | -306 | 1,023 | — | — | — | — | 3 | — | -0 | 1 | -9 |
| 자산재평가차익(차손)의 세후기타포괄손익As filed | 269 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 자산재평가손익(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | 186 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 지분법이익잉여금As filed | 29 | -22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치 측정 지분상품 평가손실As filed | — | — | — | -85 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되는 세후기타포괄손익As filed | -305 | 1,435 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되는 항목(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | — | — | — | — |
| 외화환산외환차이As filed | 1 | -5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 해외사업장환산외환차이(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | 4 | -0 | 2 | -7 | — | -3 | — | — | — |
| 확정급여제도의재측정요소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -33 | 11 | -124 |
| 지분법 적용대상 관계기업과 공동기업의 기타포괄손익에 대한 지분(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | -3 | — | 0 | 0 | — | -5 | — | — | — |
| 매도가능금융자산평가손익As filed | — | 417 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 지배회사 소유주지분As filed | -1,261 | -404 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 매도가능금융자산평가손익(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | -16 | -0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 지분법적용투자손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | -1 | 0 | -13 | 2 | — | — |
| 총 포괄손익, 지배기업의 소유주에게 귀속되는 지분As filed | — | — | 89 | -276 | -425 | 56 | -331 | -370 | — | — | — |
Cash flow statement
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net incomefrom the income statement | -1,254 | -1,812 | -103 | -187 | -414 | 60 | -397 | -403 | -4 | 792 | 1,738 |
| Total adjustments to operating cash flowcomputed | 813 | 1,858 | -590 | 371 | -233 | 778 | -60 | 192 | 706 | 112 | 1,566 |
| -441 | 45 | -694 | 184 | -647 | 838 | -458 | -211 | 702 | 904 | 3,303 | |
| Interest receivedKRW 100M | 18 | 7 | 15 | 7 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 21 | 40 | 100 |
| Interest paidKRW 100M | 106 | 141 | 156 | 162 | 141 | 126 | 72 | 88 | 112 | 71 | 26 |
| Income taxes paidKRW 100M | 0 | -1 | 3 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 9 |
| 149 | 414 | 127 | -148 | -7 | 38 | -71 | -545 | -303 | -43 | -1,611 | |
| Purchase of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | 29 | 25 | 79 | 29 | 92 | 90 | 311 | 510 | 333 |
| Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | 203 | 0 | 24 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | -1 |
| Purchase of intangible assetsKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | 3 | 21 | 3 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 35 | 56 |
| 296 | -187 | 566 | -161 | 270 | -633 | 615 | 768 | 88 | -573 | -223 | |
| Acquisition of treasury sharesKRW 100M | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | 1 | — | 0 | — |
| Issue of sharesKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 900 | — | 876 | — |
| Cash at beginning of periodKRW 100M | 450 | 455 | 728 | 722 | 598 | 211 | 453 | 541 | 546 | 1,028 | 1,330 |
| 455 | 728 | 722 | 598 | 211 | 453 | 541 | 546 | 1,028 | 1,330 | 2,767 | |
| Effect of exchange rate changesKRW 100M | 1 | 0 | -5 | -0 | -2 | -2 | 1 | -6 | -4 | 14 | -32 |
| Net change in cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | 5 | 273 | -6 | -124 | -387 | 242 | 88 | 5 | 483 | 302 | 1,437 |
| 당기순이익(손실)As filed | -1,254 | -1,812 | -103 | -187 | -414 | 60 | -397 | -403 | -4 | 792 | 1,738 |
| 리스부채의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | 21 | 21 | 18 | 19 | 21 | — | 23 |
| 영업활동에서 창출된 현금As filed | -353 | 178 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기순이익조정을 위한 가감As filed | — | — | 638 | 161 | 99 | 95 | 347 | -524 | -481 | — | — |
| 신주발행비 지급As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 영업활동으로인한자산ㆍ부채의변동As filed | — | — | -1,159 | 278 | -201 | 804 | -339 | 796 | — | — | — |
| 조정As filed | 886 | 2,399 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -420 | 97 |
| 금융리스부채의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22 | — |
| 영업활동으로 인한 자산부채의 변동As filed | 16 | -408 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기차입금의 차입As filed | 300 | — | — | — | — | — | 841 | 12 | — | 100 | 100 |
| 단기차입금의 차입As filed | 512 | — | — | — | 1,243 | 2,010 | 1,190 | 810 | 1,270 | 280 | 500 |
| 사채의 발행As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 399 | 0 | — |
| 배당금수취(영업)As filed | — | — | 74 | 85 | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 |
| 단기차입금의 상환As filed | — | 187 | 11 | 34 | 960 | 1,536 | 1,193 | 842 | 990 | 1,510 | 800 |
| 단기금융상품의 감소As filed | 205 | 97 | — | — | 63 | 221 | 60 | 127 | 152 | 297 | 26 |
| 단기대여금의 감소As filed | 11 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 74 | — | 0 | — |
| 유동성장기차입금의 상환As filed | 516 | — | 450 | 300 | 64 | — | — | 85 | 571 | 173 | — |
| 장기차입금의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 124 | — |
| 장기대여금의 감소As filed | 9 | — | — | — | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| 지분법적용 투자지분의 처분As filed | — | — | — | 35 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 매각예정자산의 처분As filed | — | 531 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 355 | 30 |
| 장기금융상품의 감소As filed | 19 | — | — | — | — | 2 | — | — | 10 | 3 | — |
| 무형자산의 처분As filed | 7 | 3 | 3 | 14 | 6 | 5 | 2 | — | — | — | 8 |
| 장기투자증권의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 10 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 단기금융상품의 취득As filed | — | — | 38 | 152 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기대여금의 증가As filed | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| 단기금융상품의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 114 | 28 | 152 | 111 | 151 | 1,286 |
| 매각예정으로 분류된 비유동자산이나 처분자산집단의 처분As filed | — | — | 41 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기금융상품의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | 22 | 48 | 6 | 75 | 32 | 1 | — |
| 장기금융상품의 취득As filed | — | — | — | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 투자부동산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | — | 0 | — |
| 배당금의 수취As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | — |
| 리스채권의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 |
| 투자활동으로 인한 현금유입액As filed | 325 | 656 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 단기대여금의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 74 | 5 | 0 | — |
| 단기차입금의 증가As filed | — | — | 746 | 565 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 단기투자증권의 감소As filed | 70 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 지분법적용 투자지분의 취득As filed | — | — | 58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 관계기업투자주식의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 355 | — | 0 | — |
| 사채의 증가As filed | — | — | 1,282 | 60 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 지분법적용투자주식의 처분As filed | — | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동성사채의 발행As filed | — | — | — | — | 871 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유형자산의 처분As filed | 3 | 9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 | — | — |
| 영업활동으로 인한 자산 부채의 변동As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,279 | 574 | 1,403 |
| 전환사채의 증가As filed | — | — | — | 448 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기유동화부채의 발행As filed | — | — | — | — | 500 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기금융자산의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7 | — |
| 투자부동산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | 0 | — |
| 유동화채무의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 276 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 투자활동으로 인한 현금유출액As filed | 176 | 242 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 사채의 상환As filed | — | — | — | 900 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동성사채의 상환As filed | — | — | 1,000 | — | 1,300 | 850 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동화채무의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 512 | 204 | — | — | — | — |
| 지분법적용투자주식의 취득As filed | — | 42 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유형자산의 취득As filed | 50 | 168 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 무형자산의 취득As filed | 119 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 신주발행비용As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 7 | — | — | — |
| 영업에서 창출된 현금As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 946 | — |
| 재무활동으로 인한 현금유입액As filed | 812 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 재무활동으로 인한 현금유출액As filed | 516 | 187 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
In the latest fiscal year cash generated by operations covered both investing outflows and financing outflows.
A year whose own filing is absent is filled from the restated comparative in the following filing, and is marked as such. Operating indicators outside the statements, such as order backlogs, and audit opinions are not covered here, and per-share figures follow the filed values without retroactive adjustment for share splits.
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal {year} business report (received {date}), with tables, figures and cross-references to other sections omitted.
The newest annual filing shown was received on 2026.03.18.
Audit opinion
| Fiscal year | Opinion | Auditor | Fiscal year end |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 적정의견Term 27 | 다산회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2024 | 적정의견Term 26 | 다산회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2023 | 적정의견Term 25 | 다산회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2022 | 적정Term 24 | 안진회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2021 | 적정Term 23 | 안진회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2020 | 적정Term 22 | 안진회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2019 | 적정Term 21 | 한영회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
| 적정Term 20 | 한영회계법인 | 2019-12-31 | |
| 적정Term 19 | 한영회계법인 | 2019-12-31 | |
| 2016 | 적정Term 18 | 안진회계법인 | 2016-12-31 |
| 2015 | 적정Term 17 | 안진회계법인 | 2016-12-31 |
| 2014 | 적정Term 16 | 안진회계법인 | 2016-12-31 |
The auditor's name and the opinion are transcribed verbatim from the filed audit report, and the wording follows the filer. A fiscal year shown twice means the filing carried two entries that the source does not distinguish.
Korean audit opinions come in four kinds, where an unqualified opinion (적정) finds the statements fairly presented, a qualified opinion (한정) does so except for a stated matter, an adverse opinion (부적정) finds them not fairly presented, and a disclaimer of opinion (의견거절) means the auditor could not obtain enough evidence to form a view.
Valuation
Valuation multiplesx
PER and PBR divide each period's closing price by the per-share figure filed for that same period, and a loss period is left blank. The quarterly view is a multiple of quarterly EPS.
PER bandKRW
The price is the adjusted close and each band line multiplies the EPS of the latest completed fiscal year by a fixed multiple. The previous year's EPS stays in force until the next fiscal year ends, and the multiples divide the range between the lowest and highest annual PER on record into equal steps.
Valuation models
Five models priced under one set of assumptions, set beside the current price, with how each has moved by fiscal year.
Assumptions
The risk premium and the terminal growth rate are adjustable assumptions, and the rest follow from the data and the formulas.
| Model | Model priceKRW | Versus current price |
|---|---|---|
| Gordon growth model | No dividend | |
| Dividend discount model DDM | No dividend | |
| Discounted cash flow FCFF | 129,027 | +214.3% |
| Discounted cash flow FCFE | 97,900 | +138.5% |
| Residual income model RIM | 80,190 | +95.3% |
Dividend and residual income familyKRW
Discounted cash flow familyKRW
How the figures are calculated
Each model's formula is shown in symbols and then with this issue's own numbers substituted, step by step. Changing a value in the assumptions panel changes the numbers here too. Firm-level amounts are in hundred million won and per-share values in won.
Cost of equity
r = 4.40% + 0.60 × 5.00% = 7.42%
Initial growth
g_1 = max(31.24% × (1 − 0.00%), 0) = 31.24%
Growth starts at this value in the first year and falls by equal steps each year to reach the terminal rate in the fifth
Residual income model RIM
B_0 = 6,664 KRW, ROE = 31.24%, payout ratio = 0.00%, r = 7.42%, g_T = 2.00%
| Year | Opening book value | Earnings | Equity charge | Residual income | Discount factor | Present value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6,664 | 2,082 | 494 | 1,588 | 0.9310 | 1,478 |
| 2 | 8,746 | 2,733 | 649 | 2,084 | 0.8667 | 1,806 |
| 3 | 11,479 | 3,587 | 851 | 2,735 | 0.8068 | 2,207 |
| 4 | 15,066 | 4,707 | 1,117 | 3,590 | 0.7511 | 2,696 |
| 5 | 19,773 | 6,178 | 1,466 | 4,712 | 0.6993 | 3,295 |
| Terminal value | 88,725 | 0.6993 | 62,043 | |||
P_0 = 6,664 + 11,483 + 62,043 = 80,190 KRW
Discounted cash flow FCFF
Base-year cash flow FCFF
FCFF_0 = 3,303.2 − 332.9 + 25.5 × (1 − 0.00%) = 2,995.8 KRW hundred million
Weighted average cost of capital
E = 34,255.1, D = 100.0 KRW hundred million; equity weight = 99.71%, debt weight = 0.29%; cost of debt k_d = 7.42%
WACC = 99.71% × 7.42% + 0.29% × 7.42% × (1 − 0.00%) = 7.42%
| Year | Growth | Cash flow KRW hundred million | Discount factor | Present value KRW hundred million |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 31.24% | 3,931.8 | 0.9310 | 3,660.4 |
| 2 | 23.93% | 4,872.9 | 0.8667 | 4,223.2 |
| 3 | 16.62% | 5,682.8 | 0.8068 | 4,585.1 |
| 4 | 9.31% | 6,212.0 | 0.7511 | 4,666.0 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 6,336.2 | 0.6993 | 4,430.7 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 119,319.5 | 0.6993 | 83,436.5 |
| Total | 105,002.0 | |||
Firm value = 105,002.0; less borrowings 100.0; plus cash 2,767.1 → 107,669.1 KRW hundred million
P_0 = 107,669.1 KRW hundred million ÷ 83,447,142 (shares) = 129,027 KRW
Discounted cash flow FCFE
Base-year cash flow FCFE
FCFE_0 = 3,303.2 − 332.9 + -639.5 (net borrowing) = 2,330.8 KRW hundred million
| Year | Growth | Cash flow KRW hundred million | Discount factor | Present value KRW hundred million |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 31.24% | 3,059.1 | 0.9310 | 2,847.9 |
| 2 | 23.93% | 3,791.2 | 0.8667 | 3,285.8 |
| 3 | 16.62% | 4,421.4 | 0.8068 | 3,567.4 |
| 4 | 9.31% | 4,833.1 | 0.7511 | 3,630.3 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 4,929.8 | 0.6993 | 3,447.2 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 92,834.0 | 0.6993 | 64,916.0 |
| Total | 81,694.6 | |||
P_0 = 81,694.6 KRW hundred million ÷ 83,447,142 (shares) = 97,900 KRW
The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium. Initial growth is the newest fiscal year's return on equity times its retention ratio, floored at zero, and falls by equal steps from that value in the first year to the terminal rate in the fifth. Only the Gordon model grows at the terminal rate from the start. Discounted cash flow starts from operating cash flow less capital expenditure, where FCFF adds after-tax interest paid and discounts at the weighted average cost of capital, and FCFE adds net borrowing and discounts at the cost of equity. The residual income model adds to book value per share the present value of earnings above the equity charge.
- A model price is the arithmetic outcome of the stated assumptions, and is neither a target price nor a basis for an investment decision.
- The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium, and the risk premium and the terminal growth rate are assumptions the reader may change.
- The cash flow models take borrowings and cash only from years in which the filer itemized those lines, and a year without them yields no figure.
- Every model assumes the newest fiscal year's figures grow at a rate that converges in equal steps from the first year's rate to the terminal rate by the fifth year, and paths outside that assumption are not represented.