Seers
Price chart
- MA5
- MA20
- MA60
Adjusted prices rescale past bars with coefficients taken from the base prices the exchange itself published, correcting for corporate actions such as stock splits and reverse splits. Cash dividends are not reflected, and the risk measures on this page never use these adjusted figures.
Each day's close multiplied by the listed share count of this share class alone, sampled weekly. It is the figure for this issue only, not a combined total across common and preferred shares.
Overview
Summary
Seers Technology Co., Ltd. was established on August 11, 2009. The company is listed on the KOSDAQ market.
The company provides IoMT platform technology using wearable medical devices and AI algorithms. Its main services include mobiCARE for electrocardiogram analysis and thynC for inpatient monitoring, which are supplied to domestic and international medical institutions.
Business overview as filed
영업개황.jpg 영업개황 당사는 생체신호 분석 인공지능 알고리즘과 웨어러블 의료기기를 활용한 IoMT(Internet of Medical Things) 플랫폼 기술을 기반으로 국내외 의료기관을 대상으로 심전도분석 서비스 mobiCARE™와 입원환자모니터링 서비스 thynC™를 제공하고 있습니다.
(가) mobiCARE™ mobicare.jpg mobiCARE™ 2020년 7월 출시된 mobiCARE™ 부정맥 스크리닝과 진단을 위한 웨어러블 심전도 분석 솔루션으로, 국내 최초의 구독형 서비스를 통해 시장의 패러다임을 바꿨습니다. 당사는 의료기관이 겪는 고가의 장비 도입 비용과 전문 분석 인력 유치의 부담을 획기적으로 낮추었으며, 현행 보험 수가 체계 내에서 진단 검사가 활성화될 수 있도록 최적화된 사업 모델을 구축했습니다. 특히 인공지능(AI) 알고리즘을 활용해 24시간 이상의 방대한 심전도 데이터를 정밀하게 분석하고, 부정맥 전문의의 감수가 포함된 신뢰도 높은 보고서를 제공함으로써 일선 의료진이 의심 환자를 보다 효과적으로 진단할 수 있도록 지원합니다.
사업의 확장성 측면에서도 괄목할 만한 성과를 거두고 있습니다. 2023년 2월부터는 대학병원 부속 검진센터 및 전문 건강검진센터와 협력하여 수검자를 대상으로 한 부정맥 스크리닝 서비스를 전격 개시하였으며, 2024년에는 대형 건강검진 센터인 건강관리협회와 한국의학연구소에서 스크리닝 서비스를 시작하였습니다. 이를 통해 일상 속에서 부정맥 유증상자를 선별하고, 확진이 필요한 대상에게는 즉각적인 2차 정밀 진단 검사를 연계하는 선순환 구조를 확립했습니다. 그 결과 2025년 12월 기준, 전국 1천여개의 의료기관이 mobiCARE™를 도입하여 활용하고 있으며 누적 검사 시행 건수는 62만 건을 돌파하며 가파른 성장세를 증명하고 있습니다.
현재 당사는 순환기내과 중심의 거점 시장을 넘어 신경과, 호흡기내과, 신장내과, 내분기내과를 비롯해 정신과 및 재활의학과에 이르기까지 전 방위적인 진료 영역 확장을 추진 중입니다. 각 분과별 특성에 맞춘 웨어러블 바이오센서와 AI 알고리즘의 유효성을 검증하고 있으며, 궁극적으로는 다양한 진료 영역을 통합하는 플랫폼 기반의 진단 지원 서비스를 완성할 것입니다. 당사는 향후 의료보험 수가 체계의 변화, 신의료기술 허가 심사제, 원격진료 허용 범위 등 국내외 제도 개선 방향을 면밀히 고려하여 단계적으로 신규 시장을 확보하고 글로벌 진단 지원 솔루션의 표준으로 도약해 나갈 계획입니다.
(나) thynC™ thync.jpg thynC™ 당사의 입원 환자 모니터링 솔루션 thynC™는 병동 내 환자의 생체 활력 징후(Vital Signs)를 실시간으로 관리하며 스마트 의료 환경의 새로운 기준을 제시하고 있습니다. 2024년 정식 출시된 thynC™는 고도화된 무선 웨어러블 의료기기, 전용 무선 네트워크 인프라, 환자 중앙 감시 소프트웨어 및 데이터 분석 백엔드 시스템이 유기적으로 결합된 통합 플랫폼입니다.
본 솔루션은 입원 환자의 생체 신호를 공백 없이 실시간으로 모니터링하며, 이상 징후 발생 시 즉각적인 알람과 정밀 분석 기능을 제공하여 의료진이 골든타임 내에 신속하게 대응할 수 있도록 지원합니다. 특히 스마트 병동 구축에 대한 병원들의 수요와 의료진의 업무 편의성 향상, 그리고 수가 청구를 통한 병원 수익성 개선이라는 삼박자가 맞아떨어지며 시장에서 좋은 반응을 얻고 있습니다. 그 결과 2025년 누적 설치 병상 수 1만 2천 개를 돌파하며 독보적인 성장세를 입증하였습니다.
나아가 당사는 무선 웨어러블 기술과 인공지능(AI)의 융합을 통해 사업 영역을 전방위로 확대하고 있습니다. 단순히 병상 내 모니터링에 그치지 않고, 병원 도착 전 단계의 응급 환자 관리, 의료기관 간 원격 협진, 입원 환자 실시간 위치 추적, 퇴원 환자를 위한 재택 모니터링까지 아우르는 환자 진료 전주기(Continuum of Care) 통합 모니터링 플랫폼으로 도약하여 의료 서비스의 질적 혁신을 선도해 나갈 것입니다.
Company overview
가. 연결대상 종속회사 개황
(1) 연결대상 종속회사 개황
(2) 연결대상 회사의 변동내용
나. 회사의 법적ㆍ사업적 명칭
당사의 한글 명칭은 "주식회사 씨어스테크놀로지"이며, 영문으로는 "SEERS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD." 라 표기합니다.
다. 설립일자
당사는 2009년 08월 11일에 설립되었습니다.
라. 본사의 주소, 전화번호, 홈페이지
마. 회사사업 영위의 근거가 되는 법률
보고기준일 현재 해당사항이 없습니다.
바. 중소기업 등 해당 여부
벤처기업확인서_250412~280411.jpg 벤처기업확인서_250412~280411 중소기업확인서_20250401~20260331_1.jpg 중소기업확인서_20250401~20260331_1
사. 대한민국에 대리인이 있는 경우에는 이름(대표자), 주소 및 연락처
보고기준일 현재 해당사항이 없습니다.
아. 주요 사업의 내용 및 향후 추진하려는 신규사업
당사는 생체신호 분석 인공지능 알고리즘과 웨어러블 의료기기를 활용한 IoMT(Internet of Medical Things) 플랫폼 기술을 기반으로 국내외 의료기관을 대상으로 진단지원 서비스 mobiCARE™와 입원환자모니터링 서비스 thynC™를 제공하고 있습니다.
자. 신용평가에 관한 사항
보고기준일 현재 해당사항이 없습니다.
차. 회사의 주권상장 및 특례상장에 관한 사항
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal 2025 business report (received 2026.03.19), tables and figures omitted.
- The summary is written separately from the filed text and is not the filer's wording, so it may phrase things differently from or omit parts of the original, which is shown alongside for checking.
- The company introduction reproduces the sentences the filer wrote in its business report, with tables, figures and the sentences that point to other sections of the report omitted, and the accuracy of their content has not been separately verified.
VaR
The headline's measure for each of the three windows on one scale, the dot being the estimate and the bar its interval. The windows are nested and share their observations, so the three readings are not three independent measurements. The selected window is highlighted.
The issue's daily returns over the chosen window counted into equal-width bins. The vertical lines mark the VaR and cVaR above on the loss side. The published VaR sample applies exclusion rules for halts and first sessions that this raw daily series does not, so the bars and the marks can differ slightly at the edges.
Deepest drawdown 67.2% (2026-09-03). How far below its previous peak the issue stood each day over the chosen window, a description of the path already travelled.
Characteristic line
- Intercept
- +0.190%[-0.433%, +0.812%]
- R squared
- 0.17
- Observations
- 252
- Trading-time corrected beta
- 0.72[0.39, 1.05]
A 252-day window rolled one day at a time over the longest daily span of the characteristic line. It shows when the beta against the KOSDAQ150 and the annualized volatility of the issue's excess return rose and fell, and unlike the headline figures above it carries no interval.
Each point is one period's index excess return and issue excess return, and the line is the regression fitted to those points. The risk-free rate is the certificate of deposit rate.
- Beta summarizes by regression how far the issue's return moved together with the KOSPI200 or KOSDAQ150 index return, and the index is only a stand-in for the whole market.
- The intercept is the average excess return the index does not explain, and when the interval shown beside it contains zero it cannot be told apart from zero.
- Beta and the intercept are computed from the sample of the chosen window and frequency and are not values for the period ahead.
- At the daily frequency a beta corrected for differences in trading times is shown alongside, and the gap between the two shows how much later than the index the issue's trades are reflected.
Financials
| 2023Separate basis | 2024Separate basis | 2025Consolidated basis | TTMConsolidated basis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RevenueKRW 100M | 19 | 81 | 482 | 970 |
| Revenue growth% | — | 329.69 | — | — |
| Operating incomeKRW 100M | -98 | -87 | 163 | 422 |
| Net incomeKRW 100M | -99 | -89 | 160 | 418 |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | — | — | 161 | 419 |
| Attributable to minoritiesKRW 100M | — | — | -0 | -1 |
| Operating margin% | -520.07 | -107.18 | 33.89 | 43.52 |
| Net margin% | -526.10 | -109.53 | 33.31 | 43.07 |
| ROE% | — | — | 40.67 | 61.28 |
| ROA% | -57.84 | -31.59 | 29.60 | 48.67 |
| Debt ratio% | 111.47 | 31.24 | 36.81 | 25.65 |
| Current ratio% | 87.25 | 423.78 | 374.32 | 522.01 |
| Quick ratio% | 72.22 | 392.17 | 337.24 | 470.93 |
| Reserve ratio% | 40.33 | 236.26 | -457.75 | -12.04 |
| Free cash flowKRW 100M | -86 | -115 | 6 | — |
| FCF margin% | -455.35 | -141.94 | 1.27 | — |
| OCF conversion% | — | — | 13.00 | — |
| Capex to revenue% | 36.50 | 4.89 | 3.06 | — |
| Inventory daysdays | — | 87.5 | — | — |
| EPSKRW | -905 | -752 | 427 | 1,100 |
| PERx | — | — | 304.68 | 35.67 |
| BPSKRW | — | — | 3,124 | 1,795 |
| PBRx | — | — | 41.65 | 21.86 |
| Dividend per share | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Profit flowKRW 100M
- Revenue
- 482
- Gross profit
- 349
- Cost of sales
- 133
- SG&A expenses
- 186
- Operating income
- 163
- Profit before tax
- 161
- Non-operating expenses
- 2
- Net income
- 160
- Income tax expense
- 1
This diagram traces where revenue goes at each step on its way to net income, using the filed amounts as they are. The non-operating result is taken as the difference between profit before tax and operating income and is shown as income or expense by its sign, and whatever a step's items leave unexplained is shown separately as other.
Revenue compositionKRW 100M
Margins%
Cash flow by activityKRW 100M
Balance sheet compositionKRW 100M
Debt ratio%
The left bar splits assets into current and non-current and the right bar splits the financing of those assets into liabilities and equity, so the two bars stand at the same height.
Quarterly resultsKRW 100M
Each quarterly bar is that quarter's three months and is never mixed with an annual figure. The growth rate is computed only where the same quarter a year earlier is also shown here, and is left blank when the base was a loss.
Free cash flow breakdownKRW 100M
Free cash flow is cash from operating activities less spending on property, plant and equipment, and all three bars keep the sign as filed.
Owners' net margin%
Asset turnoverx
Financial leveragex
ROE%
ROE is the product of the owners' net margin, asset turnover and financial leverage. All three use period-end balances as denominators, and profit and equity are on the owners' basis, so the product matches the ROE in the table.
Financial statements
Balance sheet
| 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 171 | 281 | 542 | |
| 59 | 164 | 404 | |
| Cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | 41 | 108 | 111 |
| InventoriesKRW 100M | 10 | 12 | 40 |
| Trade and other receivablesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 113 | 116 | 138 | |
| Property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 108 | 102 | 117 |
| Intangible assetsKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 90 | 67 | 146 | |
| 67 | 39 | 108 | |
| Trade and other payablesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Short-term borrowingsKRW 100M | 46 | 16 | 16 |
| Current lease liabilitiesKRW 100M | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 23 | 28 | 38 | |
| Non-current lease liabilitiesKRW 100M | 14 | 11 | 15 |
| 81 | 214 | 396 | |
| Not applicable | Not applicable | 396 | |
| Issued capitalKRW 100M | 55 | 63 | 63 |
| Capital surplusKRW 100M | 382 | 600 | 0 |
| Retained earningsKRW 100M | -360 | -452 | -290 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive incomeKRW 100M | — | — | 0 |
| Other equityKRW 100M | 4 | 3 | 14 |
| Non-controlling interestsKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | 1 |
| 선급금As filed | 0 | 1 | 31 |
| 단기대여금As filed | — | — | 0 |
| 미수금As filed | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 선급비용As filed | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 매출채권As filed | 5 | 42 | 220 |
| 당기법인세자산As filed | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 기타비유동자산As filed | 4 | 4 | 9 |
| 기타비유동금융자산As filed | — | 10 | — |
| 장기매출채권As filed | — | — | 1 |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산As filed | — | — | 10 |
| 기타자본잉여금As filed | 0 | 0 | — |
| 자본과부채총계As filed | 171 | 281 | 542 |
| 미지급비용As filed | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 임대보증금As filed | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 미지급금As filed | 2 | 7 | 41 |
| 매입채무As filed | 2 | 2 | — |
| 주식발행초과금As filed | — | — | 608 |
| 예수금As filed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 계약부채As filed | 11 | 6 | 0 |
| 유동충당부채As filed | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 선수금As filed | — | — | 1 |
| 퇴직급여부채As filed | 8 | 16 | 21 |
| 비유동충당부채As filed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 단기매입채무As filed | — | — | 37 |
Income statement
| 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 19 | 81 | 482 | |
| Cost of salesKRW 100M | 27 | 47 | 133 |
| Gross profitKRW 100M | -8 | 34 | 349 |
| SG&A expensesKRW 100M | 90 | 121 | 186 |
| -98 | -87 | 163 | |
| Finance incomeKRW 100M | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| Finance costsKRW 100M | 2 | 4 | 2 |
| Other incomeKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other expensesKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| -99 | -88 | 161 | |
| Income tax expenseKRW 100M | Not applicable | -1 | 1 |
| -99 | -89 | 160 | |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | 161 |
| Attributable to minoritiesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | -0 |
| Basic earnings per shareKRW | -905 | -752 | 427 |
| Diluted earnings per shareKRW | -905 | -752 | 427 |
| -100 | -92 | 162 | |
| Other comprehensive incomeKRW 100M | -1 | -4 | 1 |
| 포괄손익, 비지배지분As filed | — | — | -0 |
| 포괄손익, 지배기업의 소유주에게 귀속되는 지분As filed | — | — | 162 |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는항목(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | -1 | -4 | 1 |
| 확정급여제도의 재측정손익(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | -1 | -4 | 1 |
| 당기손익으로 재분류될 수 있는 항목(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | 0 |
| 해외사업환산손익As filed | — | — | 0 |
Cash flow statement
| 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Net incomefrom the income statement | -99 | -89 | 160 |
| Total adjustments to operating cash flowcomputed | 20 | -22 | -140 |
| -79 | -111 | 21 | |
| Interest receivedKRW 100M | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| Interest paidKRW 100M | 2 | 4 | 2 |
| Income taxes paidKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | -0 |
| -10 | -14 | -20 | |
| Purchase of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 7 | 4 | 15 |
| Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Purchase of intangible assetsKRW 100M | Not applicable | 0 | 2 |
| 27 | 192 | 2 | |
| Issue of sharesKRW 100M | — | 217 | — |
| Cash at beginning of periodKRW 100M | 103 | 41 | 108 |
| 41 | 108 | 111 | |
| Effect of exchange rate changesKRW 100M | 0 | Not applicable | 0 |
| Net change in cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | -62 | 67 | 3 |
| 신주발행비 지급As filed | 0 | — | — |
| 주식선택권행사As filed | — | 8 | 6 |
| 단기차입금의 증가As filed | 30 | 19 | — |
| 단기차입금의 상환As filed | — | 49 | — |
| 유동성리스부채의 상환As filed | 2 | 3 | -4 |
| 유동성리스부채의 감소As filed | 0 | — | — |
| 유동성장기차입금의 상환As filed | 0 | — | — |
| 당기손익인식금융자산의 취득As filed | — | 10 | — |
| 대여금의 감소As filed | 0 | — | — |
| 대여금의 증가As filed | — | — | 0 |
| 복구충당부채의 감소As filed | 0 | — | — |
| 기타비유동자산의 증가As filed | 4 | 0 | — |
| 사업결합으로 인한 현금유입액As filed | — | — | 1 |
| 기타비유동자산의 감소As filed | 1 | — | 0 |
| 영업활동으로 인한 자산 부채의 변동As filed | 7 | -38 | -174 |
| 당기순이익조정을 위한 가감As filed | 15 | 17 | 34 |
| 기타비유동자산의증가As filed | — | — | 5 |
| 당기순이익(손실)As filed | -99 | -89 | 160 |
In the latest fiscal year operating and financing activities brought cash in while investing activities spent it.
A year whose own filing is absent is filled from the restated comparative in the following filing, and is marked as such. Operating indicators outside the statements, such as order backlogs, and audit opinions are not covered here, and per-share figures follow the filed values without retroactive adjustment for share splits.
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal {year} business report (received {date}), with tables, figures and cross-references to other sections omitted.
The newest annual filing shown was received on 2026.03.19.
Audit opinion
| Fiscal year | Opinion | Auditor | Fiscal year end |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 적정의견Term 17 | 예지회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2024 | 적정의견Term 16 | 예지회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2023 | 적정의견Term 15 | 성현회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
The auditor's name and the opinion are transcribed verbatim from the filed audit report, and the wording follows the filer. A fiscal year shown twice means the filing carried two entries that the source does not distinguish.
Korean audit opinions come in four kinds, where an unqualified opinion (적정) finds the statements fairly presented, a qualified opinion (한정) does so except for a stated matter, an adverse opinion (부적정) finds them not fairly presented, and a disclaimer of opinion (의견거절) means the auditor could not obtain enough evidence to form a view.
Valuation
Valuation multiplesx
PER and PBR divide each period's closing price by the per-share figure filed for that same period, and a loss period is left blank. The quarterly view is a multiple of quarterly EPS.
Valuation models
Five models priced under one set of assumptions, set beside the current price, with how each has moved by fiscal year.
Assumptions
The risk premium and the terminal growth rate are adjustable assumptions, and the rest follow from the data and the formulas.
| Model | Model priceKRW | Versus current price |
|---|---|---|
| Gordon growth model | No dividend | |
| Dividend discount model DDM | No dividend | |
| Discounted cash flow FCFF | 1,143 | -95.6% |
| Discounted cash flow FCFE | 646 | -97.5% |
| Residual income model RIM | 20,825 | -19.4% |
Dividend and residual income familyKRW
Discounted cash flow familyKRW
How the figures are calculated
Each model's formula is shown in symbols and then with this issue's own numbers substituted, step by step. Changing a value in the assumptions panel changes the numbers here too. Firm-level amounts are in hundred million won and per-share values in won.
Cost of equity
r = 4.40% + 0.65 × 5.00% = 7.64%
Initial growth
g_1 = max(40.67% × (1 − 0.00%), 0) = 40.67%
Growth starts at this value in the first year and falls by equal steps each year to reach the terminal rate in the fifth
Residual income model RIM
B_0 = 3,124 KRW, ROE = 40.67%, payout ratio = 0.00%, r = 7.64%, g_T = 2.00%
| Year | Opening book value | Earnings | Equity charge | Residual income | Discount factor | Present value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3,124 | 1,270 | 239 | 1,032 | 0.9290 | 958 |
| 2 | 4,394 | 1,787 | 336 | 1,451 | 0.8631 | 1,252 |
| 3 | 6,181 | 2,513 | 472 | 2,041 | 0.8018 | 1,637 |
| 4 | 8,694 | 3,536 | 664 | 2,871 | 0.7449 | 2,139 |
| 5 | 12,230 | 4,973 | 934 | 4,039 | 0.6920 | 2,795 |
| Terminal value | 73,030 | 0.6920 | 50,537 | |||
P_0 = 3,124 + 8,781 + 50,537 = 62,442 KRW
Discounted cash flow FCFF
Base-year cash flow FCFF
FCFF_0 = 20.9 − 14.8 + 2.3 × (1 − 0.36%) = 8.4 KRW hundred million
Weighted average cost of capital
E = 9,817.0, D = 15.8 KRW hundred million; equity weight = 99.84%, debt weight = 0.16%; cost of debt k_d = 7.64%
WACC = 99.84% × 7.64% + 0.16% × 7.64% × (1 − 0.36%) = 7.64%
| Year | Growth | Cash flow KRW hundred million | Discount factor | Present value KRW hundred million |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 40.67% | 11.9 | 0.9290 | 11.0 |
| 2 | 31.00% | 15.6 | 0.8631 | 13.4 |
| 3 | 21.33% | 18.9 | 0.8018 | 15.1 |
| 4 | 11.67% | 21.1 | 0.7449 | 15.7 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 21.5 | 0.6920 | 14.9 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 388.6 | 0.6920 | 268.9 |
| Total | 339.1 | |||
Firm value = 339.1; less borrowings 15.8; plus cash 111.0 → 434.2 KRW hundred million
P_0 = 434.2 KRW hundred million ÷ 12,665,880 (shares) = 3,428 KRW
Discounted cash flow FCFE
Base-year cash flow FCFE
FCFE_0 = 20.9 − 14.8 + 0.0 (net borrowing) = 6.1 KRW hundred million
| Year | Growth | Cash flow KRW hundred million | Discount factor | Present value KRW hundred million |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 40.67% | 8.6 | 0.9290 | 8.0 |
| 2 | 31.00% | 11.2 | 0.8631 | 9.7 |
| 3 | 21.33% | 13.6 | 0.8018 | 10.9 |
| 4 | 11.67% | 15.2 | 0.7449 | 11.4 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 15.5 | 0.6920 | 10.8 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 281.1 | 0.6920 | 194.5 |
| Total | 245.3 | |||
P_0 = 245.3 KRW hundred million ÷ 12,665,880 (shares) = 1,937 KRW
The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium. Initial growth is the newest fiscal year's return on equity times its retention ratio, floored at zero, and falls by equal steps from that value in the first year to the terminal rate in the fifth. Only the Gordon model grows at the terminal rate from the start. Discounted cash flow starts from operating cash flow less capital expenditure, where FCFF adds after-tax interest paid and discounts at the weighted average cost of capital, and FCFE adds net borrowing and discounts at the cost of equity. The residual income model adds to book value per share the present value of earnings above the equity charge.
- A model price is the arithmetic outcome of the stated assumptions, and is neither a target price nor a basis for an investment decision.
- The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium, and the risk premium and the terminal growth rate are assumptions the reader may change.
- The cash flow models take borrowings and cash only from years in which the filer itemized those lines, and a year without them yields no figure.
- Every model assumes the newest fiscal year's figures grow at a rate that converges in equal steps from the first year's rate to the terminal rate by the fifth year, and paths outside that assumption are not represented.