Koh Young Technology
Price chart
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- MA20
- MA60
Adjusted prices rescale past bars with coefficients taken from the base prices the exchange itself published, correcting for corporate actions such as stock splits and reverse splits. Cash dividends are not reflected, and the risk measures on this page never use these adjusted figures.
Each day's close multiplied by the listed share count of this share class alone, sampled weekly. It is the figure for this issue only, not a combined total across common and preferred shares.
Overview
Summary
Koh Young Technology was established on April 25, 2002, and is headquartered in Yongin, Gyeonggi-do. The company is listed on the KOSDAQ market.
The company provides 3D measurement based inspection equipment and solutions. Its main products include 3D SPI, 3D AOI, and semiconductor packaging inspection equipment, supplied to EMS providers, automotive part manufacturers, and semiconductor substrate makers. It also distributes medical robots for brain surgery.
Business overview as filed
당사의 주요 사업은 3D 측정 기반 검사 장비 및 솔루션으로 메카트로닉스, 광학, 비전, SW, AI 기술을 핵심 원천 기술로 보유하고 있습니다. 이러한 핵심 원천 기술을 바탕으로 전자제품 및 반도체 산업 분야에 3D 정밀 측정 검사 장비 및 솔루션을 공급하고 있으며, 품질관리와 공정 최적화에 필수적인 역할을 하고 있습니다.
주요 제품으로는 3D 납도포 검사장비(SPI), 3D 자동 광학 검사장비(AOI), 3D 반도체패키징 검사장비(Meister, Zenstar 등), 3D 투명체 검사장비(DPI), 3D 자동 핀 검사장비(API) 등이 있습니다. 이를 통해 전자 제조 서비스(EMS) 업체, 자동차 부품 제조업체, 반도체 패키지 및 기판제조사 등을 대상으로 정밀한 검사장비 및 솔루션을 제공하고 있습니다. 이러한 제품들은 고영테크놀러지의 독자적인 광학 설계 및 3D 측정 알고리즘을 적용하였으며, 제조 공정에서 가성불량을 최소화하고 수율을 향상시키는데 기여합니다.이러한 기술력과 수술 레퍼런스를 바탕으로 당사는 글로벌 신경외과 로봇 시장 확대 에 대응하여뇌수술용 의료로봇을 개발하였으며 2020년 첫 판매를 달성하였습니다. 해당 로봇은 3차원 비전과 로보틱스 기술이 결합된 첨단 수술 로봇으로, 뇌전증(Epilepsy), 파킨슨병(Parkinson's Disease), 뇌종양(Brain Tumor) 등 다양한 뇌질환 치료를 위한 정위 수술을 높은 정밀도로 수행할 수 있도록 설계되었습니다. 또한 sEEG(Stereo-Electroencephalography), DBS(Deep Brain Stimulation), Biopsy(생검) 등 신경외과 수술 분야에서 적용되며 2025년 말 기준 누적 830건 이상의 뇌수술에 활용되며 뇌수술 레퍼런스를 확보하고 있습니다. 아울러 당사 뇌수술용 의료로봇 Geniant Cranial은 2025년 1월 미국 식품의약국(FDA) 510(k) 인허가를 획득하였으며, 2026년 1월에는 일본 후생노동성(MHLW) 인허가를 획득하여 글로벌 시장 진출 기반을 마련하였습니다. 또한 최근 글로벌 주요 병원들의 도입 및 설치 문의가 이어지고 있는 만큼 글로벌 확산을 기대하고 있습니다. 당사는 핵심 원천 기술을 기반으로 한 지속적인 연구 개발과 글로벌 판매 네트워크를통해 다양한 산업군에 맞춤형 솔루션을 제공하고 있으며, 이를 통해 고객의 요구에 신속히 대응하고 새로운 성장 기회를 발굴해 나가고 있습니다.각 사업부문별 주요 제품은 다음과 같습니다.
(1) 3D AOI 사업부문3D AOI 사업부문은 서버 및 산업용 고객사 매출 확대에 힘입어 전년 대비 19.8% 증가한 117,955백만원의 매출을 기록했습니다. 최근 당사는 3D 측정 기반 검사 기술에 AI 솔루션을 결합하여 SMT(Surface Mount Technology) 공정의 실시간 공정 분석 및 최적화를 구현하고 있으며, 이를 통해 고객사의 스마트팩토리 구축을 지원하고 있습니다. 이러한 차별화된 기술력을 바탕으로 신규 고객사 확보와 기존 고객사 수요 확대가 이어지고 있으며, 시장 영향력을 지속적으로 확대하고 있습니다.(2) 3D SPI 사업부문3D SPI 사업부문 또한 서버 및 자동차전장 고객사 매출 확대에 힘입어 전년 대비 15.8% 증가한 86,019백만 원의 매출을 기록했습니다. 또한, 3D SPI 와 연계하는 AI 솔루션을 활용해 3D SPI 시장 내 경쟁력을 더욱 강화하고 있습니다.(3) 기타사업부문기타사업부문은 3D 투명체 검사장비와 뇌수술용 의료로봇 등이 포함되어 있으며 D 투명체 검사장비 수요 축소로 인해 전년 대비 3.6% 감소한 28,674백만 원의 매출을 기록했습니다. 다만, 당사는 뇌수술용 의료로봇의 글로벌 시장 진출을 위해 주요 국가 인허가 확보하며 사업 기반을 확대하였습니다. 특히 당사 뇌수술용 의료로봇 Geniant Cranial은 2025년 1월 미국 식품의약국(FDA) 510(k) 인허가를 획득하였으며, 2026년 1월에는 일본 후생노동성(MHLW) 인허가를 획득하여 글로벌 시장 진출 기반을 마련하였습니다. 또한 최근 글로벌 주요 병원들의 도입 및 설치 문의가 이어지고 있어 향후 글로벌 시장에서의 확산이 기대되고 있습니다
Company overview
가. 회사의 법적, 상업적 명칭
회사의 명칭은 주식회사 고영테크놀러지라고 표기합니다. 또한 영문으로는 Koh Young Technology, Inc.라 표기합니다. 단, 약식으로 표기할 경우에는 고영 또는 고영테크놀러지라고 표기합니다.
나. 설립일자 및 존속기간
당사는 검사 및 정밀측정 자동화 시스템 및 장비 제조와 판매 등을 위한 목적으로 2002년 4월 25일에 설립되었습니다. 또한 2008년 6월 3일에 코스닥에 상장되어 매매가 개시되었습니다.
다. 본점의 주소, 전화번호 및 홈페이지
주 소 : 경기도 용인시 수지구 포은대로 59번길 18(상현동)
전 화 : 031-5181-8000홈페이지 : http://www.kohyoung.com
라. 주요사업의 내용
당사는 3D 측정 기반 검사장비 및 솔루션을 제공하며, 다양한 산업분야에서 품질 관리와 공정 최적화에 필수적인 역할을 하고 있습니다.주요 제품으로는 3D 납도포 검사장비(SPI), 3D 자동 광학 검사장비(AOI), 3D 반도체후공정 패키징 검사장비(Meister, Zenstar 등) 등이 있으며, 전자 제조 서비스(EMS) 업체, 자동차 부품 제조업체, 반도체 패키지 및 기판 제조사 등에 공급하고 있습니다.
또한, 의료 분야로 사업을 확장해 2020년 뇌수술용 의료로봇 'KYMERO'를 출시한 이후, 차세대 수술로봇인 'Geniant Cranial'을 출시하여 국내외 시장 확산을 추진하고있습니다.
연결실체의 각 사업부문별 주요 제품과 매출 비중은 다음과 같습니다.
마. 신용평가에 관한 사항
당사의 최근 사업연도와 공시서류 작성기준일 현재까지의 신용평가에 관한 내용은 아래와 같습니다.
신용평가기관의 신용등급 정의
'AA' 등급부터 'CCC' 등급까지는 등급내 우열에 따라 '+' 또는 '-'를 부가합니다.
현금흐름등급의 정의
바. 연결대상 종속회사 개황
1. 연결대상 종속회사 개황
1-1. 연결대상회사의 변동내용
사. 중소기업 등 해당 여부
아. 회사의 주권상장(또는 등록ㆍ지정)여부 및 특례상장에 관한 사항
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal 2025 business report (received 2026.03.12), tables and figures omitted.
- The summary is written separately from the filed text and is not the filer's wording, so it may phrase things differently from or omit parts of the original, which is shown alongside for checking.
- The company introduction reproduces the sentences the filer wrote in its business report, with tables, figures and the sentences that point to other sections of the report omitted, and the accuracy of their content has not been separately verified.
VaR
The headline's measure for each of the three windows on one scale, the dot being the estimate and the bar its interval. The windows are nested and share their observations, so the three readings are not three independent measurements. The selected window is highlighted.
The issue's daily returns over the chosen window counted into equal-width bins. The vertical lines mark the VaR and cVaR above on the loss side. The published VaR sample applies exclusion rules for halts and first sessions that this raw daily series does not, so the bars and the marks can differ slightly at the edges.
Deepest drawdown 48.2% (2026-07-30). How far below its previous peak the issue stood each day over the chosen window, a description of the path already travelled.
Characteristic line
- Intercept
- +0.435%[-0.049%, +0.919%]
- R squared
- 0.51
- Observations
- 252
- Trading-time corrected beta
- 1.06[0.76, 1.36]
A 252-day window rolled one day at a time over the longest daily span of the characteristic line. It shows when the beta against the KOSDAQ150 and the annualized volatility of the issue's excess return rose and fell, and unlike the headline figures above it carries no interval.
Each point is one period's index excess return and issue excess return, and the line is the regression fitted to those points. The risk-free rate is the certificate of deposit rate.
- Beta summarizes by regression how far the issue's return moved together with the KOSPI200 or KOSDAQ150 index return, and the index is only a stand-in for the whole market.
- The intercept is the average excess return the index does not explain, and when the interval shown beside it contains zero it cannot be told apart from zero.
- Beta and the intercept are computed from the sample of the chosen window and frequency and are not values for the period ahead.
- At the daily frequency a beta corrected for differences in trading times is shown alongside, and the gap between the two shows how much later than the index the issue's trades are reflected.
Financials
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | TTM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RevenueKRW 100M | 1,459 | 1,718 | 2,034 | 2,382 | 2,221 | 1,795 | 2,473 | 2,754 | 2,256 | 2,025 | 2,326 | 2,909 |
| Revenue growth% | — | 17.74 | 18.38 | 17.13 | -6.78 | -19.14 | 37.74 | 11.35 | -18.06 | -10.23 | 14.87 | — |
| Operating incomeKRW 100M | 234 | 332 | 437 | 460 | 333 | 158 | 414 | 443 | 204 | 33 | 173 | 360 |
| Operating income growth% | — | 41.51 | 31.84 | 5.11 | -27.51 | -52.47 | 161.01 | 7.03 | -53.97 | -83.69 | 421.99 | — |
| Net incomeKRW 100M | 235 | 297 | 267 | 423 | 296 | 92 | 396 | 393 | 219 | 210 | 148 | 477 |
| Net income growth% | — | 26.32 | -10.06 | 58.26 | -30.13 | -69.01 | 332.12 | -0.76 | -44.19 | -4.23 | -29.73 | — |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | 234 | 297 | 267 | 423 | 296 | 92 | 396 | 393 | 219 | 210 | 148 | 477 |
| Attributable to minoritiesKRW 100M | 1 | 0 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Operating margin% | 16.07 | 19.32 | 21.51 | 19.30 | 15.01 | 8.82 | 16.72 | 16.07 | 9.03 | 1.64 | 7.45 | 12.39 |
| Net margin% | 16.13 | 17.30 | 13.15 | 17.76 | 13.31 | 5.10 | 16.01 | 14.27 | 9.72 | 10.37 | 6.34 | 16.38 |
| ROE% | 17.86 | 18.92 | 16.53 | 18.73 | 12.13 | 3.72 | 14.12 | 12.87 | 7.18 | 6.50 | 4.40 | 13.16 |
| ROA% | 14.81 | 15.23 | 13.03 | 15.16 | 9.68 | 3.03 | 10.75 | 10.03 | 5.97 | 5.56 | 3.60 | 10.43 |
| Debt ratio% | 20.83 | 24.07 | 27.21 | 23.55 | 25.37 | 22.97 | 31.36 | 28.35 | 20.27 | 16.95 | 22.43 | 26.16 |
| Current ratio% | 579.96 | 563.70 | 499.80 | 562.28 | 587.80 | 620.36 | 572.95 | 491.39 | 683.78 | 786.84 | 501.25 | 422.76 |
| Quick ratio% | 487.87 | 492.50 | 430.73 | 484.70 | 493.22 | 503.70 | 483.56 | 414.86 | 558.32 | 647.93 | 418.87 | 355.16 |
| Reserve ratio% | — | — | 2,268.91 | 3,208.28 | 3,456.20 | 3,487.15 | 3,978.65 | 4,331.98 | 4,321.62 | 4,548.21 | 4,753.82 | 5,141.97 |
| Free cash flowKRW 100M | 150 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 124 | 225 | 329 | 134 | — |
| FCF margin% | 10.26 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.50 | 9.95 | 16.27 | 5.74 | — |
| OCF conversion% | 70.41 | 98.36 | 74.59 | 51.44 | 98.68 | 412.58 | 107.31 | 74.59 | 134.73 | 173.32 | 122.60 | — |
| Capex to revenue% | 1.09 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.14 | 3.14 | 1.70 | 2.03 | — |
| Receivable daysdays | — | 108.9 | 114.5 | 120.2 | 139.9 | 148.9 | 103.7 | 117.6 | 147.3 | 140.3 | 140.2 | — |
| Inventory daysdays | — | 111.2 | 106.3 | 109.7 | 152.9 | 199.8 | 159.7 | 161.0 | 215.4 | 238.2 | 218.8 | — |
| Payable daysdays | — | 103.8 | 114.6 | 102.9 | 112.1 | 123.2 | 91.8 | 105.9 | 135.5 | 122.0 | 111.8 | — |
| Cash conversion cycledays | — | 116.3 | 106.1 | 126.9 | 180.7 | 225.5 | 171.5 | 172.7 | 227.3 | 256.5 | 247.3 | — |
| EPSKRW | 1,760 | 2,228 | 2,013 | 3,122 | 2,192 | 678 | 586 | 584 | 328 | 319 | 224 | 699 |
| PERx | — | 20.29 | 40.98 | 26.43 | 48.13 | 154.87 | 40.44 | 21.83 | 50.46 | 25.42 | 102.23 | 45.73 |
| BPSKRW | — | 11,477 | 11,787 | 16,501 | 17,763 | 17,920 | 4,084 | 4,445 | 4,447 | 4,707 | 4,882 | 5,311 |
| PBRx | — | 3.94 | 7.00 | 5.00 | 5.94 | 5.86 | 5.80 | 2.87 | 3.72 | 1.72 | 4.69 | 6.02 |
| Dividend per shareKRW | 300 | 400 | 700 | 650 | 550 | 550 | 120 | 140 | 140 | — | 140 | — |
| Payout ratio% | 17.05 | 17.95 | 34.77 | 20.82 | 25.09 | 81.12 | 20.48 | 23.97 | 42.68 | — | 62.50 | — |
Consolidated basis
Profit flowKRW 100M
- Revenue
- 2,326
- Gross profit
- 1,486
- Cost of sales
- 841
- SG&A expenses
- 975
- Other
- 338
- Operating income
- 173
- Non-operating income
- 12
- Profit before tax
- 185
- Net income
- 148
- Income tax expense
- 38
This diagram traces where revenue goes at each step on its way to net income, using the filed amounts as they are. The non-operating result is taken as the difference between profit before tax and operating income and is shown as income or expense by its sign, and whatever a step's items leave unexplained is shown separately as other.
Revenue compositionKRW 100M
Margins%
Cash flow by activityKRW 100M
Balance sheet compositionKRW 100M
Debt ratio%
The left bar splits assets into current and non-current and the right bar splits the financing of those assets into liabilities and equity, so the two bars stand at the same height.
Quarterly resultsKRW 100M
Year-on-year growth%
Each quarterly bar is that quarter's three months and is never mixed with an annual figure. The growth rate is computed only where the same quarter a year earlier is also shown here, and is left blank when the base was a loss.
Cash conversion cycledays
Free cash flow breakdownKRW 100M
Inventory days and receivable days stack upward, payable days hang downward, and the cash conversion cycle they net to is drawn as the line. Each day count uses the average balance with the prior year, so the oldest year is not drawn. A day count whose line was not filed is left out, and the cycle is shown only for years that carry all three.
Free cash flow is cash from operating activities less spending on property, plant and equipment, and all three bars keep the sign as filed.
Owners' net margin%
Asset turnoverx
Financial leveragex
ROE%
ROE is the product of the owners' net margin, asset turnover and financial leverage. All three use period-end balances as denominators, and profit and equity are on the owners' basis, so the product matches the ROE in the table.
Financial statements
Balance sheet
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,589 | 1,951 | 2,052 | 2,791 | 3,055 | 3,026 | 3,683 | 3,917 | 3,672 | 3,779 | 4,103 | |
| 1,218 | 1,549 | 1,614 | 2,276 | 2,258 | 1,934 | 2,721 | 2,865 | 2,723 | 2,840 | 3,083 | |
| Cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | 266 | 463 | 460 | 232 | 272 | 441 | 675 | 499 | 281 | 535 | 384 |
| Short-term financial instrumentsKRW 100M | 286 | 286 | 196 | 797 | 743 | 466 | 796 | 868 | 980 | 979 | 1,060 |
| InventoriesKRW 100M | 193 | 196 | 223 | 314 | 363 | 364 | 425 | 446 | 500 | 501 | 507 |
| Trade and other receivablesKRW 100M | 458 | 568 | 708 | 860 | 842 | 623 | 782 | 992 | 830 | 727 | 1,060 |
| 370 | 402 | 439 | 515 | 797 | 1,092 | 962 | 1,052 | 949 | 939 | 1,020 | |
| Property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 197 | 238 | 253 | 331 | 373 | 358 | 397 | 545 | 456 | 467 | 490 |
| Intangible assetsKRW 100M | 67 | 64 | 50 | 45 | 94 | 128 | 108 | 94 | 107 | 123 | 163 |
| 274 | 379 | 439 | 532 | 618 | 565 | 879 | 865 | 619 | 548 | 752 | |
| 210 | 275 | 323 | 405 | 384 | 312 | 475 | 583 | 398 | 361 | 615 | |
| Trade and other payablesKRW 100M | 159 | 204 | 248 | 256 | 240 | 208 | 245 | 327 | 267 | 245 | 270 |
| Current portion of long-term borrowingsKRW 100M | 2 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | 61 | — | — | — |
| 64 | 104 | 116 | 127 | 234 | 253 | 404 | 282 | 221 | 187 | 137 | |
| Long-term borrowingsKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | — | 11 | 61 | — | — | 0 | — |
| 1,315 | 1,573 | 1,613 | 2,259 | 2,437 | 2,461 | 2,804 | 3,052 | 3,053 | 3,232 | 3,352 | |
| 1,311 | 1,569 | 1,613 | 2,259 | 2,437 | 2,461 | 2,804 | 3,052 | 3,053 | 3,232 | 3,352 | |
| Issued capitalKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 |
| Capital surplusKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | -14 | 300 | 272 | 274 | 288 | 221 | 84 | 131 | 186 |
| Retained earningsKRW 100M | 1,100 | 1,350 | 1,567 | 1,896 | 2,099 | 2,120 | 2,443 | 2,754 | 2,883 | 2,992 | 3,078 |
| Other equityKRW 100M | -4 | -3 | -8 | -6 | -3 | -2 | 4 | 9 | 18 | 40 | 19 |
| Non-controlling interestsKRW 100M | 3 | 4 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 0 | 0 |
| 당기법인세자산As filed | 0 | — | — | — | 10 | 14 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 4 |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산As filed | — | — | — | 24 | 28 | 32 | 6 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 23 |
| 기타금융자산As filed | 7 | 28 | 17 | 53 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 24 | — | — | — |
| 매각예정비유동자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82 | 59 | 20 |
| 기타자산As filed | 8 | 9 | 10 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 17 | 30 | — | — | — |
| 기타유동자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 21 | 22 | 24 |
| 장기금융상품As filed | 15 | 17 | 22 | — | — | 285 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 매도가능금융자산As filed | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타유동금융자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25 | 6 | 24 |
| 매각예정자산As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 이연법인세자산As filed | 57 | 69 | 86 | 100 | 121 | 113 | 126 | 125 | 135 | 124 | 117 |
| 사용권자산As filed | — | — | — | — | 129 | 125 | 255 | 224 | 195 | 153 | 162 |
| 투자부동산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 19 |
| 기타비유동금융자산As filed | 33 | 13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 39 | 55 | 36 |
| 기타비유동자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 순확정급여자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8 |
| 당기법인세부채As filed | 28 | 49 | 38 | 118 | 53 | 0 | 114 | 51 | 9 | 21 | 28 |
| 충당부채As filed | — | — | 12 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 11 | — | — | — |
| 기타부채As filed | 13 | 12 | 26 | 17 | 80 | 93 | 104 | 132 | — | — | — |
| 유동충당부채As filed | 9 | 9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10 | 8 | 10 |
| 장기매입채무 및 기타비유동채무As filed | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 부채와자본총계As filed | — | — | — | 2,791 | 3,055 | 3,026 | 3,683 | 3,917 | 3,672 | 3,779 | — |
| 장기매입채무 및 기타채무As filed | 0 | 0 | — | — | 6 | 10 | 4 | 6 | — | — | — |
| 퇴직급여부채As filed | — | — | 116 | 127 | 155 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 순확정급여채무As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 163 | 136 | 102 | 69 | 69 | 0 |
| 이연법인세부채As filed | 0 | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| 비유동충당부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 기타유동부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 111 | 87 | 307 |
| 장기매입채무및기타비유동채무As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10 | 12 | 27 |
| 퇴직급여채무As filed | 63 | 104 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 자본금As filed | 68 | 68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타불입자본As filed | 148 | 153 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 부채와 자본 총계As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4,103 |
| 기타비유동부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 139 | 103 | 105 |
| 자본과부채총계As filed | 1,589 | 1,951 | 2,052 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기차입부채As filed | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타비유동금융부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 |
Income statement
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,459 | 1,718 | 2,034 | 2,382 | 2,221 | 1,795 | 2,473 | 2,754 | 2,256 | 2,025 | 2,326 | |
| Cost of salesKRW 100M | 569 | 639 | 719 | 893 | 809 | 664 | 901 | 987 | 801 | 767 | 841 |
| Gross profitKRW 100M | 890 | 1,079 | 1,315 | 1,489 | 1,412 | 1,131 | 1,572 | 1,767 | 1,455 | 1,259 | 1,486 |
| SG&A expensesKRW 100M | 203 | 231 | 311* | 728 | 776 | 651 | 727 | 837 | 835 | 815 | 975 |
| 234 | 332 | 437 | 460 | 333 | 158 | 414 | 443 | 204 | 33 | 173 | |
| Finance incomeKRW 100M | 16 | 15 | 7* | 11 | 16 | 12 | 8 | 15 | 46 | 54 | 42 |
| Finance costsKRW 100M | 9 | 10 | 19* | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 7 |
| Other incomeKRW 100M | 45 | 54 | 18* | 85 | 80 | 56 | 137 | 170 | 134 | 242 | 84 |
| Other expensesKRW 100M | 38 | 31 | 115* | 28 | 46 | 111 | 49 | 117 | 70 | 43 | 106 |
| Share of profit of associatesKRW 100M | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 248 | 359 | 328 | 528 | 380 | 112 | 506 | 504 | 306 | 281 | 185 | |
| Income tax expenseKRW 100M | 13 | 62 | 61 | 105 | 84 | 21 | 110 | 111 | 87 | 71 | 38 |
| 235 | 297 | 267 | 423 | 296 | 92 | 396 | 393 | 219 | 210 | 148 | |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | 234 | 297 | 267 | 423 | 296 | 92 | 396 | 393 | 219 | 210 | 148 |
| Attributable to minoritiesKRW 100M | 1 | 0 | 1 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 0 | 0 |
| Basic earnings per shareKRW | 1,760 | 2,228 | 2,013 | 3,122 | 2,192 | 678* | 586 | 584 | 328 | 319 | 224 |
| Diluted earnings per shareKRW | 1,754 | 2,222 | 2,007 | 3,114 | 2,187 | 678* | 585 | 583 | 325 | 317 | 220 |
| 235 | 292 | 266 | 423 | 295 | 96 | 404 | 397 | 232 | 223 | 157 | |
| Other comprehensive incomeKRW 100M | -1 | -5 | -2 | -0 | -1 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 13 | 13 | 10 |
| 연구개발비As filed | 139 | 186 | 231 | 300 | 302 | 322 | 432 | 487 | 416 | 411 | 338 |
| 관리비As filed | 314 | 330 | 335 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 비지배지분As filed | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| 지배기업의 소유주에게 귀속되는 지분As filed | — | — | 265 | 423 | 295 | 96 | 404 | 397 | 232 | 223 | 157 |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는 세후기타포괄손익As filed | -2 | -6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 확정급여제도의 보험수리적손익As filed | — | -6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되는 세후기타포괄손익As filed | 2 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 해외사업환산손익As filed | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 포괄손익, 지배기업의 소유주에게 귀속되는 지분As filed | 233 | 291 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 포괄손익, 비지배지분As filed | 1 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는항목(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | — | — | -4 | 4 | 2 | -1 | — | — | 31 |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는항목As filed | — | — | 4 | -3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 확정급여제도의 재측정손익(세후)As filed | — | — | — | -3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 확정급여제도의 재측정손익(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | — | — | -4 | 4 | 2 | -1 | 5 | -10 | 31 |
| 당기손익으로 재분류될 수 있는 항목As filed | — | — | -5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 23 | -21 |
| 해외사업장환산외환차이As filed | — | — | -5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 23 | -21 |
| 확정급여제도의 재측정손익As filed | — | — | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는 항목(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | -10 | — |
| 확정급여제도의 보험수리적손익의 세후기타포괄손익As filed | -2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 외화환산외환차이As filed | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow statement
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net incomefrom the income statement | 235 | 297 | 267 | 423 | 296 | 92 | 396 | 393 | 219 | 210 | 148 |
| Total adjustments to operating cash flowcomputed | -70 | -5 | -68 | -205 | -4 | 286 | 29 | -100 | 76 | 154 | 33 |
| 166 | 292 | 199 | 218 | 292 | 378 | 425 | 293 | 295 | 364 | 181 | |
| Interest receivedKRW 100M | 5 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 15 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 27 | 51 | 46 |
| Interest paidKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 7 |
| Income taxes paidKRW 100M | 68 | 51 | 87 | 83 | 178 | 77 | 2 | 172 | 136 | 40 | 26 |
| -20 | -70 | 52 | -725 | -79 | -78 | -121 | -238 | -128 | 25 | -185 | |
| Purchase of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 16 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 169 | 71 | 34 | 47 |
| Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 0 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 |
| Purchase of intangible assetsKRW 100M | 12 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 24 | 32 | 52 | 88 |
| -83 | -36 | -226 | 269 | -174 | -122 | -73 | -226 | -385 | -151 | -150 | |
| Dividends paidKRW 100M | 40 | 40 | 53 | 90 | 87 | 77 | 74 | 81 | 94 | 92 | 92 |
| Acquisition of treasury sharesKRW 100M | 80 | — | 170 | 64 | 33 | — | — | 96 | 173 | 0 | 0 |
| Disposal of treasury sharesKRW 100M | 0 | — | — | 423 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Issue of sharesKRW 100M | -0 | -0 | -0 | -0 | -0 | -0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cash at beginning of periodKRW 100M | 198 | 266 | 463 | 460 | 232 | 272 | 441 | 675 | 499 | 281 | 535 |
| 266 | 463 | 460 | 232 | 272 | 441 | 675 | 499 | 281 | 535 | 384 | |
| Effect of exchange rate changesKRW 100M | 5 | 11 | -28 | 10 | 1 | -9 | 3 | -5 | 1 | 16 | 1 |
| Net change in cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | 68 | 197 | -3 | -228 | 40 | 169 | 234 | -176 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 당기순이익As filed | — | 297 | 267 | 423 | 296 | 92 | 396 | — | 219 | 210 | 148 |
| 당기순이익(손실)As filed | 235 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 393 | — | — | — |
| 재무활동으로 인한 현금유입액As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 |
| 당기순이익조정을 위한 가감As filed | 98 | 109 | 208 | 145 | 226 | 205 | 257 | 361 | 233 | 123 | — |
| 리스부채의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | 60 | 60 | 60 | 52 | 60 | 62 | — |
| 순운전자본의 변동As filed | -105 | -68 | -193 | -275 | -63 | 149 | -229 | — | — | — | — |
| 영업활동으로인한자산ㆍ부채의변동As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -290 | — | — | — |
| 정부보조금의 수취As filed | — | — | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| 재무활동으로 인한 현금유출액As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 151 |
| 정부보조금의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 유동성장기차입금의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 61 | 0 | 0 |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 감소As filed | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장단기금융상품의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 50 | 1,127 | 939 | 1,065 |
| 단기금융상품의 처분As filed | — | — | 90 | — | 136 | 298 | 1 | — | — | — | — |
| 단기대여금의 감소As filed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 리스부채의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 58 |
| 장단기금융상품의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 1,033 | 1,009 | 976 |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산의취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — |
| 장기금융상품의 처분As filed | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | 12 | — | — | — | — |
| 장기대여금의 감소As filed | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산의처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7 | — | — | — |
| 보증금의 감소As filed | 8 | 1 | 3 | 17 | 8 | 5 | 7 | — | 14 | 5 | 3 |
| 매각예정자산의 감소As filed | 24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 보증금의 증가As filed | 9 | 4 | 8 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 22 | — | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 비품의 처분As filed | — | 5 | 0 | 3 | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장단기대여금의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | 0 | 1 |
| 장단기대여금의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 투자활동으로 인한 현금유입액As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,189 |
| 토지의 처분As filed | — | — | — | 27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 건물의 처분As filed | — | — | — | 54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타유형자산의 처분As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 170 |
| 매도가능금융자산의 취득As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 회원권의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 시설장치의 처분As filed | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 차량운반구의 처분As filed | — | 0 | 0 | — | 0 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 단기금융상품의 감소As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 단기금융상품의 취득As filed | — | — | — | 602 | 87 | 20 | 20 | — | — | — | — |
| 단기대여금의 증가As filed | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | — | — | — | — |
| 매각예정비유동자산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57 | 32 | 29 |
| 장기금융상품의 증가As filed | 2 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타투자자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12 | — | — | — |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | 171 |
| 장기금융상품의 취득As filed | — | — | 2 | — | — | 285 | 1 | — | — | — | — |
| 장기대여금의 증가As filed | 1 | 1 | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — |
| 기타투자자산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9 | — | — | — |
| 임대보증금의증가As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 토지의 취득As filed | — | 15 | — | 118 | — | — | 23 | — | — | — | — |
| 건물의 취득As filed | — | 29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 공구와기구의 취득As filed | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | — | — | — | — |
| 임대보증금의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 |
| 차량운반구의 취득As filed | — | 0 | 3 | 1 | — | 3 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 증가As filed | — | — | — | 2 | 2 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 영업활동으로 인한 자산 부채의 변동As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -41 | 25 | — |
| 무형자산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 | 2 |
| 비품의 취득As filed | — | 10 | 16 | 43 | 62 | 17 | 18 | — | — | — | — |
| 기타무형자산의 취득As filed | 13 | 9 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 6 | — | — | — | — |
| 건설중인무형자산의 증가As filed | — | 7 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 투자활동으로 인한 현금유출액As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,374 |
| 시설장치의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 | 2 | — | — | — | — |
| 환율변동효과 반영전 현금및현금성자산의 순증가(감소)As filed | 62 | 186 | 25 | -238 | 39 | 177 | 231 | — | -218 | 238 | — |
| 회원권의 증가As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 건설중인유형자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22 | — | — | — | — |
| 건설중인자산의 증가As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 건설중인자산의 취득As filed | 0 | — | — | 6 | 8 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 회원권의 취득As filed | — | — | — | 2 | 0 | 4 | 6 | — | — | — | — |
| 개발비의 증가As filed | 0 | — | — | — | 39 | 37 | 15 | — | — | — | — |
| 영업에서 창출된 현금흐름As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 168 |
| 주식선택권행사As filed | 38 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 영업활동으로 인한 자산부채의 변동As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -239 |
| 유동성 장기차입금의 상환As filed | — | — | -1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동성 장기부채의 감소As filed | -2 | -2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 종속기업에 대한 소유지분의 변동으로 인한 지급As filed | — | — | 5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 건설중인무형자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | — | — | — | — |
| 조정As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 259 |
| 장기차입금의 증가As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기차입금의 차입As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 12 | 61 | — | — | — | — |
| 장기차입금의감소As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기미지급금의 감소As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기미지급금의 증가As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 현금및현금성자산의 증가(감소)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -153 |
| 신주인수권행사As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 단기차입금의 상환As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
In the latest fiscal year cash generated by operations covered both investing outflows and financing outflows.
A year whose own filing is absent is filled from the restated comparative in the following filing, and is marked as such. Operating indicators outside the statements, such as order backlogs, and audit opinions are not covered here, and per-share figures follow the filed values without retroactive adjustment for share splits.
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal {year} business report (received {date}), with tables, figures and cross-references to other sections omitted.
The newest annual filing shown was received on 2026.03.12.
Audit opinion
| Fiscal year | Opinion | Auditor | Fiscal year end |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 적정의견Term 24 | 한영회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2024 | 적정의견Term 23 | 삼일회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2023 | 적정의견Term 22 | 삼일회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2022 | 적정Term 21 | 삼일회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2021 | 적정Term 20 | 한영회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2020 | 적정Term 19 | 한영회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2019 | 적정Term 18 | 한영회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
| 2018 | 적정Term 17 | 한영회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
| 2017 | 적정Term 16 | 안진회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
| 2016 | 적정Term 15 | 안진회계법인 | 2016-12-31 |
| 2015 | 적정Term 14 | 안진회계법인 | 2016-12-31 |
| 2014 | 적정Term 13 | 안진회계법인 | 2016-12-31 |
The auditor's name and the opinion are transcribed verbatim from the filed audit report, and the wording follows the filer. A fiscal year shown twice means the filing carried two entries that the source does not distinguish.
Korean audit opinions come in four kinds, where an unqualified opinion (적정) finds the statements fairly presented, a qualified opinion (한정) does so except for a stated matter, an adverse opinion (부적정) finds them not fairly presented, and a disclaimer of opinion (의견거절) means the auditor could not obtain enough evidence to form a view.
Valuation
Valuation multiplesx
PER and PBR divide each period's closing price by the per-share figure filed for that same period, and a loss period is left blank. The quarterly view is a multiple of quarterly EPS.
Dividend historyKRW
The dividend-per-share bars are restated onto the current share basis for splits and par-value changes. The payout ratio and the dividend yield divide figures filed for the same period and are left unadjusted.
Payout ratio and dividend yield%
PER bandKRW
The price is the adjusted close and each band line multiplies the EPS of the latest completed fiscal year by a fixed multiple. The previous year's EPS stays in force until the next fiscal year ends, and the multiples divide the range between the lowest and highest annual PER on record into equal steps.
Valuation models
Five models priced under one set of assumptions, set beside the current price, with how each has moved by fiscal year.
Assumptions
The risk premium and the terminal growth rate are adjustable assumptions, and the rest follow from the data and the formulas.
| Model | Model priceKRW | Versus current price |
|---|---|---|
| Gordon growth model | 1,979 | -94.7% |
| Dividend discount model DDM | 1,963 | -94.8% |
| Discounted cash flow FCFF | No borrowing line filed | |
| Discounted cash flow FCFE | 2,730 | -92.7% |
| Residual income model RIM | 1,663 | -95.6% |
Dividend and residual income familyKRW
Discounted cash flow familyKRW
How the figures are calculated
Each model's formula is shown in symbols and then with this issue's own numbers substituted, step by step. Changing a value in the assumptions panel changes the numbers here too. Firm-level amounts are in hundred million won and per-share values in won.
Cost of equity
r = 4.40% + 0.96 × 5.00% = 9.22%
Initial growth
g_1 = max(4.40% × (1 − 62.50%), 0) = 1.65%
Growth starts at this value in the first year and falls by equal steps each year to reach the terminal rate in the fifth
Gordon growth model
P_0 = 140 × (1 + 2.00%) / (9.22% − 2.00%) = 143 / 0.0722 = 1,979 KRW
Dividend discount model DDM
D_0 = 140, g_1 = 1.65%, g_T = 2.00%, r = 9.22%
| Year | Growth | Dividend KRW | Discount factor | Present value KRW |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.65% | 142 | 0.9156 | 130 |
| 2 | 1.74% | 145 | 0.8384 | 121 |
| 3 | 1.83% | 147 | 0.7676 | 113 |
| 4 | 1.91% | 150 | 0.7029 | 106 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 153 | 0.6436 | 99 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 2,167 | 0.6436 | 1,394 |
| Total | 1,963 | |||
P_0 = 1,963 KRW
Residual income model RIM
B_0 = 4,882 KRW, ROE = 4.40%, payout ratio = 62.50%, r = 9.22%, g_T = 2.00%
| Year | Opening book value | Earnings | Equity charge | Residual income | Discount factor | Present value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4,882 | 215 | 450 | -235 | 0.9156 | -215 |
| 2 | 4,962 | 218 | 457 | -239 | 0.8384 | -200 |
| 3 | 5,044 | 222 | 465 | -243 | 0.7676 | -186 |
| 4 | 5,128 | 226 | 473 | -247 | 0.7029 | -173 |
| 5 | 5,212 | 229 | 480 | -251 | 0.6436 | -161 |
| Terminal value | -3,546 | 0.6436 | -2,282 | |||
P_0 = 4,882 + -937 + -2,282 = 1,663 KRW
Discounted cash flow FCFE
Base-year cash flow FCFE
FCFE_0 = 180.9 − 47.3 + 0.0 (net borrowing) = 133.6 KRW hundred million
| Year | Growth | Cash flow KRW hundred million | Discount factor | Present value KRW hundred million |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.65% | 135.8 | 0.9156 | 124.4 |
| 2 | 1.74% | 138.2 | 0.8384 | 115.9 |
| 3 | 1.83% | 140.7 | 0.7676 | 108.0 |
| 4 | 1.91% | 143.4 | 0.7029 | 100.8 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 146.3 | 0.6436 | 94.1 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 2,068.0 | 0.6436 | 1,330.8 |
| Total | 1,874.0 | |||
P_0 = 1,874.0 KRW hundred million ÷ 68,654,755 (shares) = 2,730 KRW
The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium. Initial growth is the newest fiscal year's return on equity times its retention ratio, floored at zero, and falls by equal steps from that value in the first year to the terminal rate in the fifth. Only the Gordon model grows at the terminal rate from the start. Discounted cash flow starts from operating cash flow less capital expenditure, where FCFF adds after-tax interest paid and discounts at the weighted average cost of capital, and FCFE adds net borrowing and discounts at the cost of equity. The residual income model adds to book value per share the present value of earnings above the equity charge.
- A model price is the arithmetic outcome of the stated assumptions, and is neither a target price nor a basis for an investment decision.
- The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium, and the risk premium and the terminal growth rate are assumptions the reader may change.
- The cash flow models take borrowings and cash only from years in which the filer itemized those lines, and a year without them yields no figure.
- Every model assumes the newest fiscal year's figures grow at a rate that converges in equal steps from the first year's rate to the terminal rate by the fifth year, and paths outside that assumption are not represented.