Netmarble
Price chart
- MA5
- MA20
- MA60
Each day's close multiplied by the listed share count of this share class alone, sampled weekly. It is the figure for this issue only, not a combined total across common and preferred shares.
Overview
Summary
Netmarble was established in 2011 and is listed on the KOSPI market. The company is headquartered in Seoul and operates as a corporate entity with several game development subsidiaries.
The company develops and publishes mobile and cross platform games. Its main products include Seven Knights Rebirth and Marvel Contest of Champions. Services are distributed through application stores such as Apple and Google via in app purchases.
Business overview as filed
당사는 사업 경쟁력 및 효율성 제고를 위하여 2011년 11월 ㈜씨제이이엔엠으로부터 물적분할을 통해 씨제이게임즈㈜로 설립되었습니다. 2014년 10월에는 씨제이넷마블㈜(㈜씨제이이엔엠의 게임사업부문으로 2014년 8월 분할신설됨)를 흡수합병하며 사명을 '넷마블게임즈㈜'로 변경하였으며, 이후 2018년 3월 정기주주총회에서 상호를 '넷마블㈜'로 변경하였습니다.
당사의 연결실체는 모바일 게임 개발 및 퍼블리싱 사업을 영위하고 있습니다. 넷마블㈜는 게임 개발 자회사가 개발한 게임 등을 퍼블리싱하는 사업을 전문적으로 영위하며, 넷마블네오㈜, 넷마블에프앤씨㈜, 넷마블엔투㈜, 넷마블넥서스㈜, 넷마블몬스터㈜ 등의 자회사는 모바일을 비롯한 크로스 플랫폼 게임 개발 사업을 담당합니다.당사의 주요 제품인 모바일 게임은 애플, 구글 등 플랫폼 사업자가 운영하는 애플리케이션 스토어를 통하여 주로 판매되고 있으며, 당사는 게임 내 재화 및 아이템 등을 구매하는 부분유료화(In-App Purchase)를 통해 매출을 창출하고 있습니다.
당사는 2025년 연결기준 매출 2조 8,351억 원을 기록하였습니다.
당사는 역량 있는 게임 개발사 및 당사와 시너지를 창출할 수 있는 다양한 회사를 발굴하고 인수하며 지속적으로 성장하고 있습니다.
Company overview
가. 연결대상 종속회사 개황
1) 연결대상 종속회사 현황(요약)
2) 연결대상회사의 변동내용
나. 회사의 법적ㆍ상업적 명칭
당사의 명칭은 "넷마블 주식회사", 영문명은 "Netmarble Corporation"입니다.
다. 설립일자
당사는 2011년 11월 17일 "씨제이게임즈 주식회사"로 설립되었습니다.
라. 본사의 주소, 전화번호, 홈페이지 주소
- 본사의 주소 : 서울특별시 구로구 디지털로26길 38(구로동, 지타워)- 전화번호 : (+82) 1588-5180- 홈페이지 : http://company.netmarble.com
마. 중소기업 해당 여부
바. 주요 사업의 내용 및 향후 추진하려는 신규사업
당사의 연결실체는 모바일 게임의 개발 및 퍼블리싱 사업을 영위하고 있습니다. 넷마블㈜는 넷마블네오㈜, 넷마블에프앤씨㈜, 넷마블엔투㈜, 넷마블넥서스㈜, 넷마블몬스터㈜ 등의 게임 개발 자회사가 개발한 게임 등을 퍼블리싱하는 사업을 전문적으로 영위합니다. 당기말 현재 당사의 주요 게임 라인업으로는 '세븐나이츠 리버스', 'MARVEL Contest of Champions', 'Jackpot World', 'Lotsa Slots', 'Cash Frenzy' 등이 있습니다. 당사는 향후 게임사업과 접목이 가능한 신기술 등의 분야로 사업부문을 넓혀갈 계획입니다.
사. 신용평가에 관한 사항
한국기업평가 회사채 신용등급의 정의
한국기업평가 기업어음 신용등급의 정의
한국신용평가 회사채 신용등급의 정의
한국신용평가 기업어음 신용등급의 정의
NICE신용평가 회사채 신용등급의 정의
NICE신용평가 기업어음 신용등급의 정의
아. 회사의 주권상장 여부 및 특례상장에 관한 사항
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal 2025 business report (received 2026.03.18), tables and figures omitted.
- The summary is written separately from the filed text and is not the filer's wording, so it may phrase things differently from or omit parts of the original, which is shown alongside for checking.
- The company introduction reproduces the sentences the filer wrote in its business report, with tables, figures and the sentences that point to other sections of the report omitted, and the accuracy of their content has not been separately verified.
VaR
The headline's measure for each of the three windows on one scale, the dot being the estimate and the bar its interval. The windows are nested and share their observations, so the three readings are not three independent measurements. The selected window is highlighted.
The issue's daily returns over the chosen window counted into equal-width bins. The vertical lines mark the VaR and cVaR above on the loss side. The published VaR sample applies exclusion rules for halts and first sessions that this raw daily series does not, so the bars and the marks can differ slightly at the edges.
Deepest drawdown 49.4% (2026-10-08). How far below its previous peak the issue stood each day over the chosen window, a description of the path already travelled.
Characteristic line
- Intercept
- -0.294%[-0.592%, +0.004%]
- R squared
- 0.03
- Observations
- 252
- Trading-time corrected beta
- 0.10[-0.11, 0.31]
A 252-day window rolled one day at a time over the longest daily span of the characteristic line. It shows when the beta against the KOSPI200 and the annualized volatility of the issue's excess return rose and fell, and unlike the headline figures above it carries no interval.
Each point is one period's index excess return and issue excess return, and the line is the regression fitted to those points. The risk-free rate is the certificate of deposit rate.
- Beta summarizes by regression how far the issue's return moved together with the KOSPI200 or KOSDAQ150 index return, and the index is only a stand-in for the whole market.
- The intercept is the average excess return the index does not explain, and when the interval shown beside it contains zero it cannot be told apart from zero.
- Beta and the intercept are computed from the sample of the chosen window and frequency and are not values for the period ahead.
- At the daily frequency a beta corrected for differences in trading times is shown alongside, and the gap between the two shows how much later than the index the issue's trades are reflected.
Financials
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | TTM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RevenueKRW 100M | 15,000 | 24,248 | 20,213 | 21,787 | 24,848 | 25,069 | 26,734 | 25,021 | 26,638 | 28,351 | 28,945 |
| Revenue growth% | — | 61.65 | -16.64 | 7.79 | 14.05 | 0.89 | 6.64 | -6.41 | 6.46 | 6.43 | — |
| Operating incomeKRW 100M | 2,947 | 5,098 | 2,417 | 2,027 | 2,720 | 1,510 | -1,087 | -685 | 2,156 | 3,525 | 3,348 |
| Operating income growth% | — | 72.99 | -52.59 | -16.14 | 34.24 | -44.49 | -171.97 | — | — | 63.47 | — |
| Net incomeKRW 100M | 2,092 | 3,609 | 2,149 | 1,698 | 3,380 | 2,492 | -8,864 | -3,039 | 32 | 2,308 | 4,052 |
| Net income growth% | — | 72.47 | -40.44 | -21.01 | 99.12 | -26.29 | -455.71 | — | — | 7,076.78 | — |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -2,557 | 256 | 2,250 | 3,964 |
| Attributable to minoritiesKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -482 | -224 | 58 | 89 |
| Operating margin% | 19.64 | 21.02 | 11.96 | 9.30 | 10.95 | 6.02 | -4.07 | -2.74 | 8.09 | 12.43 | 11.57 |
| Net margin% | 13.95 | 14.88 | 10.63 | 7.79 | 13.60 | 9.94 | -33.15 | -12.15 | 0.12 | 8.14 | 14.00 |
| ROE% | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -5.13 | 0.47 | 4.14 | 6.64 |
| ROA% | 10.69 | 6.75 | 3.96 | 2.92 | 4.11 | 2.34 | -9.92 | -3.84 | 0.04 | 2.85 | 4.96 |
| Debt ratio% | 49.38 | 19.76 | 19.37 | 24.91 | 45.53 | 77.50 | 58.94 | 55.85 | 49.38 | 47.36 | 35.79 |
| Current ratio% | 171.28 | 582.22 | 441.33 | 385.23 | 111.46 | 64.22 | 43.48 | 47.53 | 82.69 | 66.11 | 85.13 |
| Quick ratio% | 170.83 | 581.75 | 440.77 | 384.46 | 111.18 | 64.09 | 43.35 | 47.39 | 82.53 | 66.03 | 85.09 |
| Reserve ratio% | 9,504.58 | 42,280.91 | 44,102.29 | 46,009.37 | 49,658.37 | 61,444.11 | 51,480.78 | 48,612.75 | 48,867.21 | 51,172.74 | 50,382.08 |
| Free cash flowKRW 100M | 1,072 | 4,734 | 2,123 | 3,016 | 1,618 | 511 | -4,471 | -1,343 | 2,704 | 2,905 | — |
| FCF margin% | 7.15 | 19.52 | 10.51 | 13.84 | 6.51 | 2.04 | -16.72 | -5.37 | 10.15 | 10.25 | — |
| OCF conversion% | 94.18 | 139.49 | 109.49 | 224.57 | 110.12 | 55.17 | — | — | 8,945.63 | 146.35 | — |
| Capex to revenue% | 5.99 | 1.24 | 1.14 | 3.66 | 8.47 | 3.44 | 1.45 | 1.45 | 0.65 | 1.67 | — |
| EPSKRW | 2,720 | 3,908 | 2,230 | 1,883 | 3,827 | 2,933 | -9,998 | -3,120 | 313 | 2,746 | 4,838 |
| PERx | — | 48.23 | 50.00 | 49.07 | 34.36 | 42.62 | — | — | 165.18 | 17.57 | 7.72 |
| BPSKRW | — | 50,919 | 51,303 | 51,919 | 62,986 | 67,379 | 63,533 | 57,933 | 63,011 | 63,170 | 72,865 |
| PBRx | — | 3.70 | 2.17 | 1.78 | 2.09 | 1.86 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.82 | 0.76 | 0.51 |
| Dividend per shareKRW | — | 360 | — | — | 767 | 528 | — | — | 417 | — | — |
| Payout ratio% | — | 9.21 | — | — | 20.04 | 18.00 | — | — | 133.23 | — | — |
Consolidated basis
Margins%
Cash flow by activityKRW 100M
Balance sheet compositionKRW 100M
Debt ratio%
The left bar splits assets into current and non-current and the right bar splits the financing of those assets into liabilities and equity, so the two bars stand at the same height.
Quarterly resultsKRW 100M
Year-on-year growth%
Each quarterly bar is that quarter's three months and is never mixed with an annual figure. The growth rate is computed only where the same quarter a year earlier is also shown here, and is left blank when the base was a loss.
Free cash flow breakdownKRW 100M
Free cash flow is cash from operating activities less spending on property, plant and equipment, and all three bars keep the sign as filed.
Owners' net margin%
Asset turnoverx
Financial leveragex
ROE%
ROE is the product of the owners' net margin, asset turnover and financial leverage. All three use period-end balances as denominators, and profit and equity are on the owners' basis, so the product matches the ROE in the table.
Financial statements
Balance sheet
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19,574 | 53,477 | 54,330 | 58,061 | 82,234 | 106,638 | 89,356 | 79,159 | 81,771 | 80,937 | |
| 7,215 | 29,184 | 25,906 | 25,601 | 18,207 | 19,626 | 9,973 | 9,058 | 11,148 | 12,565 | |
| Cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | 2,727 | 19,078 | 15,487 | 15,748 | 12,575 | 13,537 | 5,030 | 4,303 | 5,779 | 6,889 |
| Short-term financial instrumentsKRW 100M | — | — | 4,994 | 5,728 | 2,485 | 1,867 | 723 | 636 | 991 | 1,421 |
| InventoriesKRW 100M | 19 | 24 | 33 | 51 | 46 | 40 | 28 | 27 | 21 | 15 |
| Trade and other receivablesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 12,359 | 24,293 | 28,424 | 32,460 | 64,027 | 87,012 | 79,382 | 70,101 | 70,622 | 68,371 | |
| Property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 1,229 | 1,454 | 1,743 | 2,356 | 4,231 | 3,228 | 3,359 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Intangible assetsKRW 100M | 5,400 | 12,368 | 13,195 | 13,838 | 12,918 | 40,990 | 35,961 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Investments in associatesKRW 100M | 64 | 228 | 2,123 | 2,327 | 21,483 | 24,772 | 25,366 | 23,858 | 24,390 | 25,353 |
| 6,471 | 8,824 | 8,815 | 11,577 | 25,728 | 46,561 | 33,138 | 28,368 | 27,032 | 26,012 | |
| 4,212 | 5,013 | 5,870 | 6,646 | 16,335 | 30,562 | 22,940 | 19,055* | 13,482 | 19,006 | |
| Trade and other payablesKRW 100M | 1,086 | 1,206 | 813 | 527 | 705 | 570 | 490 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Short-term borrowingsKRW 100M | 1,053 | 39 | 83 | 161 | 8,075* | 16,710 | 15,070 | 13,114 | 5,050 | 7,325 |
| Current portion of long-term borrowingsKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | — | 416 | 458 | 721 | 1,123 | 288 |
| Current lease liabilitiesKRW 100M | — | — | — | 155 | 121 | 155 | 167 | 142 | 188 | 123 |
| 2,258 | 3,812 | 2,945 | 4,932 | 9,393 | 15,999 | 10,198 | 9,313* | 13,550 | 7,005 | |
| Bonds issuedKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | 1,595 | 1,597 | — | 0 | 3,992 | 1,498 |
| Long-term borrowingsKRW 100M | — | — | 853 | 2,011 | 1,619 | 5,393 | 4,555 | 3,716 | 5,979 | 2,137 |
| Non-current lease liabilitiesKRW 100M | — | — | — | 340 | 293 | 408 | 784 | 717 | 596 | 614 |
| 13,104 | 44,653 | 45,515 | 46,483 | 56,506 | 60,077 | 56,218 | 50,790 | 54,739 | 54,925 | |
| 12,163 | 43,295 | 43,744 | 44,518 | 54,071 | 57,914 | 54,609 | 49,795 | 54,160 | 54,297 | |
| Issued capitalKRW 100M | 68 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 |
| Capital surplusKRW 100M | 3,503 | 29,921 | 29,994 | 30,306 | 30,367 | 30,467 | 30,474 | 30,500 | 30,548 | 30,609 |
| Retained earningsKRW 100M | 2,939 | 6,029 | 7,610 | 9,145 | 12,262 | 22,346 | 13,775 | 11,285 | 11,455 | 13,376 |
| Other equityKRW 100M | 5,653 | 7,260 | 6,055 | 4,982 | 11,355 | 5,015 | 10,273 | 7,925 | 12,071 | 10,226 |
| Non-controlling interestsKRW 100M | 940 | 1,358 | 1,771 | 1,965 | 2,435 | 2,162 | 1,609 | 995 | 578 | 628 |
| 유동성리스채권As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 15 | 18 |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산As filed | — | — | — | — | 4 | 762 | 823 | 139 | 141 | 243 |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정 금융자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 830 | 637 | — | — | — |
| 매출채권As filed | 2,442 | 2,914 | 1,823 | 1,471 | 1,818 | 2,016 | 1,896 | 2,546 | 2,773 | 2,806 |
| 유동 당기손익-공정가치 의무 측정 금융자산As filed | — | — | 2,588 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타유동금융자산As filed | 1,222 | 4,930 | 132 | 1,872 | 382 | 322 | 284 | 215 | 229 | — |
| 기타의유동금융자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 202 |
| 만기보유금융자산As filed | 290 | 1,570 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타유동자산As filed | 511 | 615 | 752 | 666 | 846 | 890 | 1,171 | 1,003 | 1,139 | — |
| 당기법인세자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 123 | 204 | 188 | 60 | 61 |
| 유동성금융리스채권As filed | — | — | — | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — |
| 미수법인세환급액As filed | 4 | 53 | 97 | 53 | 50 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 매도가능금융자산As filed | 5,283 | 9,188 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 비유동만기보유금융자산As filed | 5 | 5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 매각예정자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 167 |
| 장기금융상품As filed | — | — | 14 | 22 | 22 | 10 | 6 | 12 | 10 | 18 |
| 기타의유동자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 742 |
| 비유동 당기손익-공정가치 측정 지정 금융자산As filed | — | — | 152 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정금융자산As filed | — | — | — | — | 23,368 | 13,031 | 9,222 | 5,267 | 4,061 | 4,470 |
| 당기손익-공정가치 측정 지정 금융자산As filed | — | — | — | 238 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유형자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3,444 | 3,398 | 4,023 |
| 기타의비유동금융자산As filed | 86 | 350 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 60 |
| 비유동 기타포괄손익-공정가치 측정 금융자산As filed | — | — | 10,273 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 이연법인세자산As filed | 122 | 455 | 453 | 473 | 597 | 597 | 329 | 407 | 658 | 739 |
| 기타비유동자산As filed | 170 | 245 | 309 | 461 | 350 | 564 | 593 | 588 | 911 | — |
| 무형자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 32,288 | 32,452 | 28,583 |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치 측정 금융자산As filed | — | — | — | 11,970 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 투자부동산As filed | — | — | — | 156 | 189 | 2,420 | 2,430 | 2,403 | 3,140 | 2,902 |
| 기타비유동금융자산As filed | — | — | 162 | 147 | 84 | 121 | 311 | 112 | 92 | — |
| 사용권자산As filed | — | — | — | 471 | 375 | 518 | 869 | 758 | 700 | 515 |
| 비유동리스채권As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 8 | 84 |
| 기타유동금융부채As filed | 717 | 1,170 | 3,400 | 3,894 | 5,010 | 6,332 | 1,993 | 1,842 | 2,992 | — |
| 비유동금융리스채권As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| 장기금융리스채권As filed | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타유동부채As filed | 933 | 1,727 | 1,325 | 1,643 | 1,944 | 2,480 | 2,943 | 2,742 | 3,172 | — |
| 미지급법인세As filed | 423 | 870 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 순확정급여자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 112 | 125 | 73 | 138 |
| 유동성충당부채As filed | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동충당부채As filed | — | — | 8 | 55 | 44 | 14 | 11 | 24 | 1 | 1 |
| 기타비유동금융부채As filed | 2,006 | 2,342 | 372 | 417 | 199 | 4,509 | 2,743 | 2,164 | 188 | — |
| 당기법인세부채As filed | — | — | 240 | 210 | 436 | 3,886 | 208 | 148 | 677 | 772 |
| 기타비유동부채As filed | 12 | 8 | 48 | 113 | 91 | 113 | 245 | 322 | 284 | — |
| 기타의비유동자산As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 785 |
| 비유동충당부채As filed | 0 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 7 |
| 확정급여부채As filed | 66 | 52 | 108 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 이연법인세부채As filed | 173 | 1,395 | 1,547 | 1,901 | 5,481 | 3,829 | 1,787 | 2,313 | 2,331 | 2,259 |
| 유동성사채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,599 | 0 | 0 | 1,421 |
| 부채 및 자본총계As filed | 19,574 | 53,477 | 54,330 | 58,061 | 82,234 | 106,638 | 89,356 | — | — | — |
| 자본과부채총계As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 79,159 | 81,771 | 80,937 |
| 순확정급여부채As filed | — | — | — | 131 | 113 | 65 | 33 | 76 | 122 | 85 |
| 매입채무As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 322 | 279 | 235 |
| 유동성장기사채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2,499 |
| 비유동법인세부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 79 | 41 | 0 | 50 | 112 |
| 매각예정부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 65 |
| 기타의유동금융부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3,255 |
| 기타의유동부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3,022 |
| 기타의비유동금융부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 143 |
| 기타의비유동부채As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 148 |
Income statement
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15,000 | 24,248 | 20,213 | 21,787 | 24,848 | 25,069 | 26,734 | 25,021 | 26,638 | 28,351 | |
| Cost of salesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Gross profitKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| SG&A expensesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 2,947 | 5,098 | 2,417 | 2,027 | 2,720 | 1,510 | -1,087 | -685 | 2,156 | 3,525 | |
| Finance incomeKRW 100M | 197 | 551* | 108* | 1,054 | 745 | 1,022 | 3,275 | 732 | 769 | 1,960 |
| Finance costsKRW 100M | 193 | 434* | 386* | 681 | 628 | 739 | 4,706* | 2,620 | 1,923 | 1,591 |
| Other incomeKRW 100M | 95 | 26* | 961* | 27 | 86 | 59 | 65 | 3,510 | 1,799 | 177 |
| Other expensesKRW 100M | 255 | 469* | 196* | 370 | 98 | 439 | 7,764* | 3,652 | 3,126 | 1,668 |
| Share of profit of associatesKRW 100M | — | — | — | 129 | 1,920 | 2,098 | 802 | 1,128 | 1,087 | — |
| 2,756 | 4,715 | 2,904 | 2,184 | 4,746 | 3,512 | -9,415 | -1,586 | 763 | 3,462 | |
| Income tax expenseKRW 100M | 663 | 1,106 | 755 | 486 | 1,366 | 1,020 | -551 | 1,453 | 731 | 1,154 |
| 2,092 | 3,609 | 2,149 | 1,698 | 3,380 | 2,492 | -8,864 | -3,039 | 32 | 2,308 | |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | -2,557 | 256 | 2,250 |
| Attributable to minoritiesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | -482 | -224 | 58 |
| Basic earnings per shareKRW | 2,720 | 3,908 | 2,230 | 1,883 | 3,827 | 2,933 | -9,998 | -3,120 | 313 | 2,746 |
| Diluted earnings per shareKRW | 2,699 | 3,873 | 2,217 | 1,876 | 3,822 | 2,932 | -9,998 | -3,120 | 308 | 2,665 |
| 2,752 | 5,694 | 2,921 | 3,190 | 11,051 | 5,027 | -8,804 | -5,899 | 3,518 | 2,214 | |
| Other comprehensive incomeKRW 100M | 660 | 2,085 | 772 | 1,492 | 7,670 | 2,536 | 60 | -2,860 | 3,486 | -94 |
| 영업비용As filed | 12,053 | 19,150 | 17,796 | 19,760 | 22,127 | 23,559 | 27,821 | — | — | — |
| 지분법이익As filed | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | -1,059 |
| 비지배지분포괄손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -479 | -196 | 52 |
| 지배기업포괄손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -5,420 | 3,715 | 2,162 |
| 지분법손실As filed | 35 | 56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 지배기업 소유주지분As filed | 1,740 | 3,098 | 1,896 | 1,560 | 3,130 | 2,402 | -8,192 | — | — | — |
| 비지배지분As filed | 353 | 511 | 253 | 138 | 251 | 89 | -672 | — | — | — |
| Ⅱ.영업비용As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25,705 | 24,482 | 24,826 |
| 후속적으로 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는 항목As filed | — | — | 284 | 1,085 | 8,472 | 1,371 | — | — | — | — |
| 확정급여부채의 재측정요소As filed | -12 | -9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치 측정 금융자산 평가손익As filed | — | — | 298 | 1,113 | 8,486 | -6,935 | -2,959 | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는항목(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | -3,141 | — | — | — |
| 보험수리적손익As filed | — | — | — | -28 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 확정급여부채의 재측정요As filed | — | — | -14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 관계기업투자주식의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -6 | -45 | 0 |
| 후속적으로 당기손익으로 재분류되는 항목As filed | — | — | 488 | 407 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 매도가능금융자산평가손익As filed | 593 | 2,892 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 해외사업장환산외환차이(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | 458 | 431 | -768 | 814 | 3,047 | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치 측정 금융자산 처분손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 8,349 | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치 측정 지분상품 처분손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | -2 | — | — | — |
| 해외사업환산외환차이As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 641 | 3,970 | -699 |
| 확정급여제도의 재측정손익(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | — | — | -14 | — | 65 | — | — | — |
| 당기손익으로 재분류될 수 있는 항목(세후기타포괄손익)As filed | — | — | — | — | -802 | 1,165 | 3,201 | — | — | — |
| 지분법자본변동As filed | 8 | -5 | 30 | -24 | -34 | 350 | -246 | -18 | 444 | -14 |
| 해외사업환산이익(손실)As filed | 70 | -793 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 순확정급여부채의 재측정요소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | -44 | — | -31 | -39 | 3 |
| 지배기업순이익As filed | 2,388 | 5,228 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 비지배지분순이익As filed | 364 | 466 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정금융자산처분손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정금융자산평가손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -3,161 | -922 | 251 |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정지분상품처분손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — |
Cash flow statement
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net incomefrom the income statement | 2,092 | 3,609 | 2,149 | 1,698 | 3,380 | 2,492 | -8,864 | -3,039 | 32 | 2,308 |
| Total adjustments to operating cash flowcomputed | -122 | 1,425 | 204 | 2,115 | 342 | -1,117 | 4,780 | 2,058 | 2,845 | 1,070 |
| 1,971 | 5,034 | 2,353 | 3,813 | 3,723 | 1,375 | -4,084 | -981 | 2,877 | 3,378 | |
| Interest receivedKRW 100M | 42 | 200 | 365 | 481 | 182 | 77 | 130 | -166 | -193 | -150 |
| Interest paidKRW 100M | 18 | 123 | 45 | 1 | 233 | 458 | 912 | 1,393 | 889 | 637 |
| Income taxes paidKRW 100M | 675 | 783 | 1,161 | 570 | 287 | 649 | 4,927 | 38 | 287 | 1,074 |
| -2,073 | -13,357* | -5,053 | -2,473 | -15,291 | -11,575 | -404 | 5,249* | 367* | -740 | |
| Purchase of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 898 | 300 | 230 | 797 | 2,104 | 864 | 387 | 362 | 173 | 473 |
| Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 |
| Purchase of intangible assetsKRW 100M | 69 | 29 | 177 | 249 | 272 | 151 | 980 | 153 | 305 | 160 |
| 630 | 24,303* | -992 | -1,069 | 8,667 | 10,991 | -5,490 | -5,403* | -2,207* | -1,463 | |
| Dividends paidKRW 100M | 39 | — | 306 | 1 | — | 1,570 | 525 | — | 1 | 413 |
| Acquisition of treasury sharesKRW 100M | — | — | 1,599 | 2,453 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Issue of sharesKRW 100M | — | 26,346 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cash at beginning of periodKRW 100M | 2,159 | 2,727 | 19,078 | 15,487 | 15,748 | 12,575 | 13,537 | 5,030 | 4,303 | 5,779 |
| 2,727 | 19,078 | 15,487 | 15,748 | 12,575 | 13,537 | 5,030 | 4,303 | 5,779 | 6,889 | |
| Effect of exchange rate changesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 408 | 437 | -64 |
| Net change in cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | 527 | 15,980 | -3,691 | 270 | -2,901 | 790 | -9,979 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 1. 영업에서 창출된 현금As filed | 2,568 | 5,665 | 3,052 | 3,785 | 3,958 | 2,238 | 1,280 | — | — | — |
| 1.재무활동으로부터의 현금유입As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 17,929 | 11,505 | 9,335 |
| (1) 당기순이익(손실)As filed | 2,092 | 3,609 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 당기순이익(손실)As filed | — | — | 2,149 | 1,698 | 3,380 | 2,492 | -8,864 | — | — | — |
| 사채의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3,987 | — |
| 주식선택권의 행사As filed | — | 75 | — | 304 | 92 | 72 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| (2) 수익,비용의 조정As filed | 1,299 | 2,245 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 수익,비용의 조정As filed | — | — | 1,277 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 수익ㆍ비용의 조정As filed | — | — | — | 1,638 | 848 | 902 | 10,878 | — | — | — |
| 임대보증금의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 | 19 |
| 단기차입금의 차입As filed | 1,308 | 8,045 | — | — | 13,368 | 16,792 | 16,498 | 17,575 | — | 6,730 |
| 영업활동으로인한자산ㆍ부채의변동As filed | — | — | -374 | 449 | -271 | -1,155 | -734 | — | — | — |
| 장기차입금의 증가As filed | — | — | 853 | 1,200 | — | — | — | — | 4,340 | — |
| (3) 영업활동으로 인한 자산,부채의 변동As filed | -823 | -188 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 사채의 발행As filed | — | — | — | — | 1,594 | — | 0 | — | — | 1,999 |
| 4. 배당금의 수취As filed | 54 | 74 | 142 | 118 | 102 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타재무활동으로 인한 현금유입액As filed | — | — | — | 2 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 355 | — | — |
| 단기차입금의 증가As filed | — | — | 163 | 108 | — | — | — | — | 3,167 | — |
| 5. 배당금의 수취As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 167 | 346 | — | — | — |
| 장기차입금의 차입As filed | — | — | — | — | 1,007 | 5,102 | 101 | 0 | — | 578 |
| 1. 투자활동으로 인한 현금유입액As filed | 1,607 | 10,068 | 3,928 | 10,644 | 14,595 | 23,414 | 5,766 | — | — | — |
| 기타재무활동으로 인한 현금변동As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12 | — |
| 2.재무활동으로 인한 현금유출액As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 23,332 | 13,712 | 10,798 |
| 기타유동금융자산의 감소As filed | 727 | 6,689 | — | 696 | — | — | 535 | — | — | — |
| 기타유동금융자산의 처분As filed | — | — | 226 | — | 2,354 | 4,500 | — | — | 10 | 15 |
| 기타재무활동으로 인한 현금유입As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9 |
| 사채의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -1,600 | 0 | 0 |
| 단기차입금의 상환As filed | 574 | 10,027 | 120 | 30 | 6,733 | 7,986 | 20,227 | 20,089 | 12,122 | 7,840 |
| 주식선택권의 재매입As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12 | — | — |
| 기타재무활동으로 인한 현금유출As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 11 | 34 |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | 3 | 3 | 12,739 | — | — | — | 0 |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 처분(유동)As filed | — | — | 1,504 | — | 5,065 | 3,562 | 3,034 | — | — | — |
| 임대보증금의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6 | 0 |
| 조건부대가의 지급As filed | — | — | — | — | 356 | 339 | 557 | 593 | -557 | 1,612 |
| 당기손익인식금융자산의 감소As filed | 500 | 2,321 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 유동성장기차입금의 상환As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 465 | — | — |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | 5,715 | — | — | — | 1,522 | 550 | 2,138 |
| 지배력을 상실하지 않는 종속기업에 대한 소유지분의 변동으로 인한 지급As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -200 | -176 | -438 |
| 기타비유동금융자산의 감소As filed | 29 | 418 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 처분(비유동)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 17 | — | — | — |
| 배당금의 지급As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22 | — | — |
| 상각후원가측정금융자산의 처분As filed | — | — | 2,170 | 4,224 | 5,359 | 2,330 | 1,846 | 1,298 | 2,196 | 1,242 |
| 기타비유동금융자산의 처분As filed | — | — | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| 기타의비유동금융부채의 증가As filed | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 매도가능금융자산의 처분As filed | 79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 리스부채의 감소As filed | — | — | — | -135 | 202 | 132 | 185 | 195 | 203 | 182 |
| 관계기업투자주식의 처분As filed | 96 | 0 | — | — | 50 | 9 | 0 | 5,181 | 2,307 | — |
| 기타의비유동금융자산의 감소As filed | — | — | — | 3 | 1,746 | 77 | 8 | 10 | — | — |
| 만기보유금융자산의 처분As filed | 80 | 624 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 장기차입금의 상환As filed | — | — | — | 58 | 54 | 948 | 617 | 155 | 1,200 | 1,891 |
| 1.투자활동으로 인한 현금유입액As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8,604 | 5,640 | 6,112 |
| 기타비유동금융부채의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | 0 | 51 | 6 | 5 | — | — |
| 임차보증금의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 34 | 26 |
| 무형자산의 처분As filed | 0 | 16 | 4 | — | 3 | — | 160 | 279 | 511 | 215 |
| 투자부동산의 처분As filed | 89 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 관계기업투자주식 취득 관련 일부 대금 환수As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 128 | 0 | — | — | — |
| 2. 투자활동으로 인한 현금유출액As filed | -3,680 | -23,425 | -8,981 | -13,117 | -29,886 | -34,989 | -6,171 | — | — | — |
| 대여금의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | 19 |
| 사업결합으로 인한 현금의 증가As filed | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 종속기업취득순현금유입As filed | — | — | 18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 종속기업투자주식 취득 관련 일부 대금 환수As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 132 | — | — | — |
| 기타유동금융자산의 증가As filed | — | — | — | 2,681 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타의유동금융자산의 증가As filed | 1,100 | 9,927 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 연결범위 변동으로 인한 현금의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | 13 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타유동금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | 12 | — | 2,540 | 4,018 | 157 | — | 0 | 0 |
| 기타비유동금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | 9 | — | 6 | 17 | 308 | 59 | 1 | 4 |
| 당기손익인식금융자산의 증가As filed | 330 | 1,920 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 연결범위변동으로 인한 현금의 증가As filed | — | 6 | — | — | — | 13 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 1,137 |
| 기타비유동금융부채의 감소As filed | — | — | 331 | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — |
| 기타비유동금융자산의 증가As filed | — | — | — | 15 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 만기보유금융자산의 증가As filed | 225 | 1,904 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타의비유동금융부채의 감소As filed | — | — | — | 0 | — | 34 | 7 | — | — | — |
| 기타의비유동금융자산의 증가As filed | 32 | 628 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | 720 | 235 | 211 | 80 | 187 | 154 | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정금융자산의처분(비유동)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — |
| 파생상품거래로 인한 현금유입As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,194 |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | 3,211 | 5,188 | 3,767 | 2,741 | — | — | 2,235 |
| 매도가능금융자산의 취득As filed | 391 | 209 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정금융자산의처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 당기손익-공정가치측정금융자산의 취득(비유동)As filed | — | — | 1,232 | — | — | — | — | 1,133 | — | — |
| 상각후원가측정금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | -4,712 | 1,915 | 1,936 | 1,092 | 1,218 | 2,545 | 1,682 |
| 관계기업투자주식의 취득As filed | 74 | 125 | — | 98 | 17,420 | 1,009 | 130 | 0 | — | — |
| 기타의유동금융자산의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76 | — | — |
| 상각후원가측정금융자산의 취득(비유동)As filed | — | — | 3,665 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 관계기업에 대한 투자자산의 취득As filed | — | — | 2,064 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 투자부동산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | 109 | 33 | 433 | 19 | 20 | 815 | 320 |
| 사업결합으로 인한 현금의 감소As filed | 561 | 8,383 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 관계기업투자주식 및 공동기업투자주식의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 119 |
| 1. 재무활동으로 인한 현금유입액As filed | 1,321 | 34,472 | 1,077 | 1,613 | 16,062 | 21,966 | 16,620 | — | — | — |
| 종속기업과 기타 사업의 지배력 획득에 따른 현금유출As filed | — | — | — | -1,010 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 종속기업취득순현금유출As filed | — | — | 541 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 관계기업투자주식 취득 관련 일부 대금 회수As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — |
| 연결범위변동으로 인한 현금의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | -136 | 22,618 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 종속기업투자주식 취득 관련 일부 대금 회수As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | — |
| 기타투자활동으로 인한 현금유입As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12 | 1 |
| 기타투자활동으로 인한 현금유출As filed | — | — | — | — | -60 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2. 재무활동으로 인한 현금유출액As filed | -691 | -10,169 | -2,069 | -2,683 | -7,394 | -10,975 | -22,111 | — | — | — |
| 기타자산의 처분As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 229 | 0 | 0 |
| 정부보조금의 수취As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6 | 0 |
| 종속기업의 유상증자As filed | 13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타투자활동으로 인한 현금유출액As filed | — | — | — | — | — | 62 | 164 | -182 | -142 | -86 |
| 주식선택권행사로 인한 현금유입As filed | — | — | 61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2.투자활동으로 인한 현금유출액As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3,355 | 5,273 | 6,852 |
| 종속기업 추가 취득As filed | 79 | 139 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타재무활동으로 인한 현금유출액As filed | — | 3 | — | 1 | 48 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Ⅵ. 외화표시현금성자산의 환율변동효과As filed | 41 | 372 | 99 | -8 | -273 | 172 | 1,471 | — | — | — |
| 전환사채의 감소As filed | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 임차보증금의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | 12 |
| 종속기업투자지분 추가 취득As filed | — | — | 42 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 파생상품거래로 인한 현금유출As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -96 | 74 |
| 대여금의 증가As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 27 | 1 |
| 기타의유동금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 71 | — | — |
| 전환사채의 상환As filed | — | — | — | -2 | 1 | — | 0 | — | — | — |
| 종속기업투자지분의 추가취득As filed | — | — | — | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 기타포괄손익-공정가치측정금융자산의취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 67 |
| 기타유동금융부채의 감소As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | — |
| 비유동당기손익인식금융자산의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 583 | — |
| 1.영업에서 창출된 현금As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 153 | 3,505 | 4,416 |
| 관계기업 투자지분의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 18 | — |
| (3) 영업활동으로 인한 자산ㆍ부채의 변동As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,210 | 348 | 474 |
| 기타재무활동으로인한 현금유출액As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — |
| 관계기업 및 공동기업투자주식의 취득As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 125 |
| (2) 수익ㆍ비용의 조정As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -4,403 | -3,820 | -2,582 |
| Ⅴ.당기순이익(손실)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -3,039 | 32 | — |
| 4.배당금수취As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -130 | -356 | — |
| Ⅳ.현금및현금성자산의 증가(감소)As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -1,135 | 1,038 | 1,174 |
| 당기순손익As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2,308 |
| 4.배당금의 수취As filed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -523 |
In the latest fiscal year cash generated by operations covered both investing outflows and financing outflows.
A year whose own filing is absent is filled from the restated comparative in the following filing, and is marked as such. Operating indicators outside the statements, such as order backlogs, and audit opinions are not covered here, and per-share figures follow the filed values without retroactive adjustment for share splits.
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal {year} business report (received {date}), with tables, figures and cross-references to other sections omitted.
The newest annual filing shown was received on 2026.03.18.
Audit opinion
| Fiscal year | Opinion | Auditor | Fiscal year end |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 적정의견Term 15 | 삼정회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2024 | 적정의견Term 14 | 안진회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2023 | 적정의견Term 13 | 안진회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2022 | 적정Term 12 | 안진회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2021 | 적정Term 11 | 안진회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2020 | 적정Term 10 | 안진회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2019 | 적정Term 9 | 안진회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
| 2018 | 적정Term 8 | 안진회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
| 2017 | 적정Term 7 | 삼정회계법인 | 2019-12-31 |
The auditor's name and the opinion are transcribed verbatim from the filed audit report, and the wording follows the filer. A fiscal year shown twice means the filing carried two entries that the source does not distinguish.
Korean audit opinions come in four kinds, where an unqualified opinion (적정) finds the statements fairly presented, a qualified opinion (한정) does so except for a stated matter, an adverse opinion (부적정) finds them not fairly presented, and a disclaimer of opinion (의견거절) means the auditor could not obtain enough evidence to form a view.
Valuation
Valuation multiplesx
PER and PBR divide each period's closing price by the per-share figure filed for that same period, and a loss period is left blank. The quarterly view is a multiple of quarterly EPS.
Dividend historyKRW
The dividend-per-share bars are restated onto the current share basis for splits and par-value changes. The payout ratio and the dividend yield divide figures filed for the same period and are left unadjusted.
Payout ratio and dividend yield%
PER bandKRW
The price is the adjusted close and each band line multiplies the EPS of the latest completed fiscal year by a fixed multiple. The previous year's EPS stays in force until the next fiscal year ends, and the multiples divide the range between the lowest and highest annual PER on record into equal steps.
Valuation models
Five models priced under one set of assumptions, set beside the current price, with how each has moved by fiscal year.
Assumptions
The risk premium and the terminal growth rate are adjustable assumptions, and the rest follow from the data and the formulas.
| Model | Model priceKRW | Versus current price |
|---|---|---|
| Gordon growth model | No dividend | |
| Dividend discount model DDM | No dividend | |
| Discounted cash flow FCFF | 114,626 | +240.6% |
| Discounted cash flow FCFE | Base-year cash flow not positive | |
| Residual income model RIM | 30,398 | -9.7% |
Dividend and residual income familyKRW
Discounted cash flow familyKRW
How the figures are calculated
Each model's formula is shown in symbols and then with this issue's own numbers substituted, step by step. Changing a value in the assumptions panel changes the numbers here too. Firm-level amounts are in hundred million won and per-share values in won.
Cost of equity
r = 4.40% + 0.35 × 5.00% = 6.13%
Initial growth
g_1 = max(4.14% × (1 − 0.00%), 0) = 4.14%
Growth starts at this value in the first year and falls by equal steps each year to reach the terminal rate in the fifth
Residual income model RIM
B_0 = 63,170 KRW, ROE = 4.14%, payout ratio = 0.00%, r = 6.13%, g_T = 2.00%
| Year | Opening book value | Earnings | Equity charge | Residual income | Discount factor | Present value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 63,170 | 2,618 | 3,874 | -1,255 | 0.9422 | -1,183 |
| 2 | 65,788 | 2,727 | 4,034 | -1,308 | 0.8878 | -1,161 |
| 3 | 68,515 | 2,840 | 4,201 | -1,362 | 0.8365 | -1,139 |
| 4 | 71,354 | 2,957 | 4,375 | -1,418 | 0.7882 | -1,118 |
| 5 | 74,312 | 3,080 | 4,557 | -1,477 | 0.7426 | -1,097 |
| Terminal value | -36,459 | 0.7426 | -27,075 | |||
P_0 = 63,170 + -5,697 + -27,075 = 30,398 KRW
Discounted cash flow FCFF
Base-year cash flow FCFF
FCFF_0 = 3,377.9 − 472.9 + 636.7 × (1 − 33.32%) = 3,329.5 KRW hundred million
Weighted average cost of capital
E = 28,923.4, D = 11,248.2 KRW hundred million; equity weight = 72.00%, debt weight = 28.00%; cost of debt k_d = 5.66%
WACC = 72.00% × 6.13% + 28.00% × 5.66% × (1 − 33.32%) = 5.47%
| Year | Growth | Cash flow KRW hundred million | Discount factor | Present value KRW hundred million |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.14% | 3,467.5 | 0.9481 | 3,287.6 |
| 2 | 3.61% | 3,592.7 | 0.8989 | 3,229.6 |
| 3 | 3.07% | 3,703.0 | 0.8523 | 3,156.1 |
| 4 | 2.54% | 3,796.9 | 0.8081 | 3,068.2 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 3,872.9 | 0.7662 | 2,967.2 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 113,782.5 | 0.7662 | 87,175.2 |
| Total | 102,883.9 | |||
Firm value = 102,883.9; less borrowings 11,248.2; plus cash 6,889.4 → 98,525.2 KRW hundred million
P_0 = 98,525.2 KRW hundred million ÷ 85,953,502 (shares) = 114,626 KRW
The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium. Initial growth is the newest fiscal year's return on equity times its retention ratio, floored at zero, and falls by equal steps from that value in the first year to the terminal rate in the fifth. Only the Gordon model grows at the terminal rate from the start. Discounted cash flow starts from operating cash flow less capital expenditure, where FCFF adds after-tax interest paid and discounts at the weighted average cost of capital, and FCFE adds net borrowing and discounts at the cost of equity. The residual income model adds to book value per share the present value of earnings above the equity charge.
- A model price is the arithmetic outcome of the stated assumptions, and is neither a target price nor a basis for an investment decision.
- The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium, and the risk premium and the terminal growth rate are assumptions the reader may change.
- The cash flow models take borrowings and cash only from years in which the filer itemized those lines, and a year without them yields no figure.
- Every model assumes the newest fiscal year's figures grow at a rate that converges in equal steps from the first year's rate to the terminal rate by the fifth year, and paths outside that assumption are not represented.