HPSP
Price chart
- MA5
- MA20
- MA60
Adjusted prices rescale past bars with coefficients taken from the base prices the exchange itself published, correcting for corporate actions such as stock splits and reverse splits. Cash dividends are not reflected, and the risk measures on this page never use these adjusted figures.
Each day's close multiplied by the listed share count of this share class alone, sampled weekly. It is the figure for this issue only, not a combined total across common and preferred shares.
Overview
Summary
HPSP was established on March 14, 2017. The company is headquartered in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do and is listed on the KOSDAQ market.
The company specializes in the research, development, and manufacture of high pressure hydrogen annealing equipment for semiconductor front-end processes. It supplies the GENI-SYS equipment to global system and memory semiconductor companies to improve interface characteristics of transistors using high-K dielectric films.
Business overview as filed
당사는 고유전율(High-K) 절연막을 사용하는 트랜지스터의 계면 특성을 개선하는 고압 수소 어닐링(High Pressure Annealing, 이하 "HPA") 장비에 대한 연구·개발 및 제조, 판매를 전문으로 하고 있습니다.
당사의 고압 수소 어닐링 장비는 반도체 소자 계면의 문제점 개선을 목표로 연구개발하여 제품화한 반도체 전공정 장비입니다. 트랜지스터 막을 형성하는 High-K소재(HfO2, 하프늄옥사이드)는 28나노미터(이하 "㎚") 이하 공정에서 발생하는 터널링 현상으로 인한 누설전류를 방지하기 위해 도입되었고, High-K 소재의 유전율은 기존 SiO₂대비 5배 이상 높지만, 채택 시 'Interface Defect' 발생 수준이 기존 SiO₂대비 100배 증가하여 반도체 성능을 저하시키는 문제가 있습니다. 이를 해결하기 위한 새로운 방법이 고압에서 수소(H2)/중수소(D2)의 농도를 높여 저온 공정을 가능하게 하는 고압어닐링(High Pressure Annealing, 이하 "HPA") 공정입니다. 고압어닐링 기술은 수소(H2)/중수소(D2)를 이용한 화학 작용을 통해 Interface Defect에 H-Si(Hydrogen-Silicon) bonding을 형성하여 Interface Defect를 전기적으로 비활성화함으로써, 구동전류 및 집적회로의 속도를 현저히 개선합니다.상기 기술을 활용한 당사의 GENI-SYS 장비는 전 세계 고압 관련 인증을 획득한 유일한 고압 수소 어닐링 장비로, 글로벌 메이저 반도체 업체의 양산 Fabrication(이하 "Fab")에서 가동 중입니다. 특히, 28/32㎚ 이하 공정에 필수적으로 적용이 권장됨에 따라 향후 글로벌 반도체 업체들의 지속적인 공정 미세화로 인한 주요 수혜 업체가 될 것으로 예상됩니다.
Company overview
가. 연결대상 종속회사 개황
당사는 보고서 작성일 기준 현재 해당사항이 없습니다.
나. 연결대상회사의 변동내용당사는 보고서 작성일 기준 현재 해당사항이 없습니다.
다. 회사의 법적ㆍ상업적 명칭
당사의 명칭은 '주식회사 에이치피에스피'라 하고, 영문으로 'HPSP Co., Ltd. '라고표기합니다.
라. 설립일자
당사는 2017년 03월 14일에 설립되었습니다.
마. 본사의 주소, 전화번호, 홈페이지 주소주 소 : 경기도 화성시 삼성1로 1길 26전화번호 : 031-227-9898홈페이지 : http://thehpsp.com
바. 중소기업 등 해당 여부
사. 주요 사업의 내용
당사는 고압 수소 어닐링(Hydrogen Pressure Annealing, HPA) 기술을 기반으로 한 반도체 전공정 장비의 제조 및 판매를 주요 사업으로 영위하고 있습니다. 당사가 독자적으로 보유한 고압 수소 어닐링 기술을 활용하여, 글로벌 시스템 반도체 및 메모리 반도체 기업을 대상으로 전공정 공정 중 수소 어닐링 단계에 사용되는 고압 수소 어닐링 장비를 공급하고 있습니다.
당사의 현행 정관상 주요 목적사업은 다음과 같습니다.
아. 신용평가에 관한 사항
당사는 보고서 제출일 현재 해당사항이 없습니다.
자. 회사의 주권상장(또는 등록ㆍ지정) 및 특례상장에 관한 사항
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal 2025 business report (received 2026.03.19), tables and figures omitted.
- The summary is written separately from the filed text and is not the filer's wording, so it may phrase things differently from or omit parts of the original, which is shown alongside for checking.
- The company introduction reproduces the sentences the filer wrote in its business report, with tables, figures and the sentences that point to other sections of the report omitted, and the accuracy of their content has not been separately verified.
VaR
The headline's measure for each of the three windows on one scale, the dot being the estimate and the bar its interval. The windows are nested and share their observations, so the three readings are not three independent measurements. The selected window is highlighted.
The issue's daily returns over the chosen window counted into equal-width bins. The vertical lines mark the VaR and cVaR above on the loss side. The published VaR sample applies exclusion rules for halts and first sessions that this raw daily series does not, so the bars and the marks can differ slightly at the edges.
Deepest drawdown 65.8% (2026-07-30). How far below its previous peak the issue stood each day over the chosen window, a description of the path already travelled.
Characteristic line
- Intercept
- +0.347%[-0.153%, +0.847%]
- R squared
- 0.45
- Observations
- 252
- Trading-time corrected beta
- 1.10[0.77, 1.42]
A 252-day window rolled one day at a time over the longest daily span of the characteristic line. It shows when the beta against the KOSDAQ150 and the annualized volatility of the issue's excess return rose and fell, and unlike the headline figures above it carries no interval.
Each point is one period's index excess return and issue excess return, and the line is the regression fitted to those points. The risk-free rate is the certificate of deposit rate.
- Beta summarizes by regression how far the issue's return moved together with the KOSPI200 or KOSDAQ150 index return, and the index is only a stand-in for the whole market.
- The intercept is the average excess return the index does not explain, and when the interval shown beside it contains zero it cannot be told apart from zero.
- Beta and the intercept are computed from the sample of the chosen window and frequency and are not values for the period ahead.
- At the daily frequency a beta corrected for differences in trading times is shown alongside, and the gap between the two shows how much later than the index the issue's trades are reflected.
Financials
| 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | TTM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RevenueKRW 100M | 918 | 1,593 | 1,791 | 1,814 | 1,730 | 1,628 |
| Revenue growth% | — | 73.66 | 12.40 | 1.29 | -4.65 | — |
| Operating incomeKRW 100M | 452 | 852 | 952 | 939 | 899 | 870 |
| Operating income growth% | — | 88.39 | 11.78 | -1.32 | -4.30 | — |
| Net incomeKRW 100M | 353 | 660 | 804 | 863 | 727 | 857 |
| Net income growth% | — | 86.75 | 21.86 | 7.27 | -15.78 | — |
| Attributable to owners | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Attributable to minorities | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Operating margin% | 49.28 | 53.46 | 53.16 | 51.79 | 51.98 | 53.45 |
| Net margin% | 38.52 | 41.43 | 44.91 | 47.56 | 42.01 | 52.66 |
| ROE | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| ROA% | 38.58 | 25.30 | 25.08 | 26.97 | 19.65 | 21.06 |
| Debt ratio% | 73.69 | 33.55 | 15.74 | 15.11 | 19.94 | 29.85 |
| Current ratio% | 239.25 | 386.36 | 663.79 | 580.35 | 475.84 | 341.05 |
| Quick ratio% | 190.94 | 332.92 | 605.50 | — | 449.57 | 295.20 |
| Reserve ratio% | — | — | — | — | 813.37 | 708.25 |
| Free cash flowKRW 100M | 375 | 727 | 417 | — | 979 | — |
| FCF margin% | 40.91 | 45.61 | 23.29 | — | 56.59 | — |
| OCF conversion% | 106.88 | 124.39 | 82.53 | 97.16 | 137.91 | — |
| Capex to revenue% | 0.26 | 5.92 | 13.78 | — | 1.35 | — |
| EPSKRW | 2,130 | 3,615 | 990 | 1,056 | 901 | — |
| PERx | — | 14.80 | 44.29 | 24.67 | 37.18 | — |
| BPS | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| PBR | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Dividend per shareKRW | — | 150 | 150 | 600 | 500 | — |
| Payout ratio% | — | 4.15 | 15.15 | 56.82 | 55.49 | — |
Separate basis
Profit flowKRW 100M
- Revenue
- 1,730
- Gross profit
- 1,263
- Cost of sales
- 467
- Operating income
- 899
- SG&A expenses
- 364
- Non-operating income
- 44
- Profit before tax
- 944
- Net income
- 727
- Income tax expense
- 217
This diagram traces where revenue goes at each step on its way to net income, using the filed amounts as they are. The non-operating result is taken as the difference between profit before tax and operating income and is shown as income or expense by its sign, and whatever a step's items leave unexplained is shown separately as other.
Margins%
Cash flow by activityKRW 100M
Balance sheet compositionKRW 100M
Debt ratio%
The left bar splits assets into current and non-current and the right bar splits the financing of those assets into liabilities and equity, so the two bars stand at the same height.
Quarterly resultsKRW 100M
Year-on-year growth%
Each quarterly bar is that quarter's three months and is never mixed with an annual figure. The growth rate is computed only where the same quarter a year earlier is also shown here, and is left blank when the base was a loss.
Free cash flow breakdownKRW 100M
Free cash flow is cash from operating activities less spending on property, plant and equipment, and all three bars keep the sign as filed.
Owners' net margin%
Asset turnoverx
Financial leveragex
ROE%
ROE is the product of the owners' net margin, asset turnover and financial leverage. All three use period-end balances as denominators, and profit and equity are on the owners' basis, so the product matches the ROE in the table.
Financial statements
Balance sheet
| 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 916 | 2,609 | 3,207 | 3,199 | 3,697 | |
| 869 | 2,450 | 2,758 | 2,377 | 2,890 | |
| Cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | 542 | 1,300 | 433 | 613 | 939 |
| InventoriesKRW 100M | 175 | 339 | 242 | Not applicable | 160 |
| Trade and other receivablesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 47 | 159 | 449 | 822 | 807 | |
| Property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 10 | 101 | 403 | 493 | 480 |
| Intangible assetsKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 389 | 656 | 436 | 420 | 615 | |
| 363 | 634 | 416 | 410 | 607 | |
| Trade and other payablesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Current lease liabilitiesKRW 100M | 7 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 6 |
| 26 | 21 | 21 | 10 | 7 | |
| Non-current lease liabilitiesKRW 100M | — | — | — | — | 2 |
| 527 | 1,954 | 2,771 | 2,779 | 3,082 | |
| Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
| Issued capitalKRW 100M | 84 | 101 | 414 | 416 | 418 |
| Capital surplusKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 621 |
| Retained earningsKRW 100M | 297 | 960 | 1,748 | 2,534 | 2,779 |
| Non-controlling interestsKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 매출채권As filed | 58 | 19 | 22 | 95 | 232 |
| 유동금융자산As filed | 7 | 662 | 1,971 | 1,354 | 1,475 |
| 재고자산As filed | — | — | — | 231 | — |
| 기타유동자산As filed | 86 | 131 | 90 | 84 | 85 |
| 이연법인세자산As filed | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 5 |
| 무형자산As filed | 3 | 3 | 17 | 21 | 9 |
| 사용권자산As filed | 22 | 27 | 19 | 11 | 6 |
| 투자부동산As filed | — | — | — | 292 | 291 |
| 비유동금융자산As filed | 7 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| 순확정급여자산As filed | 0 | 17 | 7 | 1 | 1 |
| 기타비유동자산As filed | — | — | — | — | 11 |
| 매입채무As filed | 23 | 29 | 64 | 19 | 20 |
| 당기법인세부채As filed | 87 | 161 | 126 | 160 | 93 |
| 기타불입자본As filed | 84 | 841 | 590 | 612 | — |
| 기타채무As filed | 122 | 181 | 91 | 133 | 198 |
| 기타유동부채As filed | 116 | 237 | — | — | 281 |
| 자본조정As filed | 63 | 51 | 19 | -783 | -736 |
| 충당부채As filed | 9 | 17 | 12 | 14 | 10 |
| 순확정급여부채As filed | 7 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| 자본과부채총계As filed | 916 | 2,609 | 3,207 | 3,199 | — |
| 부채및자본총계As filed | — | — | — | — | 3,697 |
| 리스부채As filed | 18 | 21 | 13 | 7 | — |
| 기타 유동부채As filed | — | — | 113 | 74 | — |
| 이연법인세부채As filed | — | — | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Income statement
| 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 918 | 1,593 | 1,791 | 1,814 | 1,730 | |
| Cost of salesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 467 |
| Gross profitKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 1,263 |
| SG&A expensesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 364 |
| 452 | 852 | 952 | 939 | 899 | |
| Finance incomeKRW 100M | 0 | 4 | 79 | 73 | 53 |
| Finance costsKRW 100M | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Other incomeKRW 100M | 18 | 72 | 34 | 144 | 22 |
| Other expensesKRW 100M | 2 | 56 | 21 | 18 | 30 |
| 467 | 869 | 1,042 | 1,138 | 944 | |
| Income tax expenseKRW 100M | 113 | 209 | 238 | 275 | 217 |
| 353 | 660 | 804 | 863 | 727 | |
| Attributable to ownersKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Attributable to minoritiesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Basic earnings per shareKRW | 2,130 | 3,615* | 990 | 1,056 | 901 |
| Diluted earnings per shareKRW | 2,021 | 3,406* | 955 | 1,035 | 894 |
| 350 | 663 | 805 | 862 | 727 | |
| Other comprehensive incomeKRW 100M | -3 | 3 | 1 | -1 | 0 |
| 매출원가As filed | 301 | 492 | 605 | 518 | — |
| 매출총이익As filed | 616 | 1,101 | 1,186 | 1,296 | — |
| 판매비와관리비As filed | 164 | 249 | 234 | 357 | — |
| 후속적으로 당기손익으로 재분류되지 않는 항목As filed | -3 | 3 | 1 | -1 | 0 |
| 순확정급여부채의 재측정요소As filed | -3 | 3 | 1 | -1 | 0 |
Cash flow statement
| 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net incomefrom the income statement | 353 | 660 | 804 | 863 | 727 |
| Total adjustments to operating cash flowcomputed | 24 | 161 | -141 | -25 | 275 |
| 378 | 821 | 664 | 838 | 1,002 | |
| Interest receivedKRW 100M | 0 | 1 | 20 | 110 | 64 |
| Interest paidKRW 100M | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Income taxes paidKRW 100M | 76 | 138 | 258 | 250 | 288 |
| -3 | -786 | -1,479 | 198 | -192 | |
| Purchase of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | 2 | 94 | 247 | Not applicable | 23 |
| Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipmentKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | 0 |
| Purchase of intangible assetsKRW 100M | 0 | 0 | 15 | Not applicable | 1 |
| -202 | 723 | -42 | -939 | -483 | |
| Dividends paidKRW 100M | 200 | 0 | 18 | 75 | 482 |
| Acquisition of treasury sharesKRW 100M | — | — | — | 870 | 0 |
| Issue of sharesKRW 100M | 0 | 721 | 0 | 0 | — |
| Cash at beginning of periodKRW 100M | 364 | 542 | 1,300 | 433 | 613 |
| 542 | 1,300 | 433 | 613 | 939 | |
| Effect of exchange rate changesKRW 100M | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | -1 |
| Net change in cash and cash equivalentsKRW 100M | 173 | 758 | -858 | 97 | Not applicable |
| 영업으로부터 창출된 현금흐름As filed | 456 | 960 | — | — | 1,226 |
| 재무활동으로 인한 현금유입액As filed | — | — | — | 14 | 9 |
| 현금및현금성자산 환율변동효과As filed | 5 | -0 | -9 | 83 | — |
| 주식매수선택권의 행사As filed | 2 | 9 | 27 | 14 | 9 |
| 재무활동으로 인한 현금유출액As filed | — | — | — | 953 | 491 |
| 주식발행비As filed | — | — | -2 | — | — |
| 무상증자As filed | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| 자기주식취득As filed | — | — | -38 | — | — |
| 임차보증금의 감소As filed | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 리스부채의 상환As filed | 4 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 9 |
| 임차보증금의 증가As filed | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 단기금융상품의 증가As filed | 0 | 696 | 2,205 | — | 2,377 |
| 투자활동으로 인한 현금유입액As filed | — | — | — | 4,554 | 2,212 |
| 임대보증금의 증가As filed | — | — | — | 3 | 2 |
| 단기금융상품의 감소As filed | — | — | 988 | — | 2,210 |
| 유형자산 처분As filed | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 투자활동으로 인한 현금유출액As filed | — | — | — | 4,356 | 2,403 |
| 단기금융상품감소As filed | — | — | — | 4,548 | — |
| 영업활동현금흐름As filed | — | — | 903 | — | — |
| 현금및현금성자산의 순증가As filed | — | — | — | — | 328 |
| 무형자산 취득As filed | — | — | — | 5 | — |
| 단기금융상품증가As filed | — | — | — | 3,921 | — |
| 유형자산 취득As filed | — | — | — | 431 | — |
| 영업활동으로 인한 현금흐름As filed | — | — | — | 979 | — |
In the latest fiscal year cash generated by operations covered both investing outflows and financing outflows.
A year whose own filing is absent is filled from the restated comparative in the following filing, and is marked as such. Operating indicators outside the statements, such as order backlogs, and audit opinions are not covered here, and per-share figures follow the filed values without retroactive adjustment for share splits.
Transcribed verbatim from the sentences the filer wrote in the fiscal {year} business report (received {date}), with tables, figures and cross-references to other sections omitted.
The newest annual filing shown was received on 2026.03.19.
Audit opinion
| Fiscal year | Opinion | Auditor | Fiscal year end |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 적정의견Term 9 | 우리회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2024 | 적정의견Term 8 | 우리회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2023 | 적정의견Term 7 | 우리회계법인 | 2025-12-31 |
| 2022 | 적정Term 6 | 우리회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2021 | 적정Term 5 | 정진세림회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
| 2020 | 적정Term 4 | 우리회계법인 | 2022-12-31 |
The auditor's name and the opinion are transcribed verbatim from the filed audit report, and the wording follows the filer. A fiscal year shown twice means the filing carried two entries that the source does not distinguish.
Korean audit opinions come in four kinds, where an unqualified opinion (적정) finds the statements fairly presented, a qualified opinion (한정) does so except for a stated matter, an adverse opinion (부적정) finds them not fairly presented, and a disclaimer of opinion (의견거절) means the auditor could not obtain enough evidence to form a view.
Valuation
Valuation multiplesx
PER and PBR divide each period's closing price by the per-share figure filed for that same period, and a loss period is left blank. The quarterly view is a multiple of quarterly EPS.
Dividend historyKRW
The dividend-per-share bars are restated onto the current share basis for splits and par-value changes. The payout ratio and the dividend yield divide figures filed for the same period and are left unadjusted.
Payout ratio and dividend yield%
PER bandKRW
The price is the adjusted close and each band line multiplies the EPS of the latest completed fiscal year by a fixed multiple. The previous year's EPS stays in force until the next fiscal year ends, and the multiples divide the range between the lowest and highest annual PER on record into equal steps.
Valuation models
Five models priced under one set of assumptions, set beside the current price, with how each has moved by fiscal year.
Assumptions
The risk premium and the terminal growth rate are adjustable assumptions, and the rest follow from the data and the formulas.
| Model | Model priceKRW | Versus current price |
|---|---|---|
| Gordon growth model | 6,333 | -90.3% |
| Dividend discount model DDM | 6,333 | -90.3% |
| Discounted cash flow FCFF | No borrowing line filed | |
| Discounted cash flow FCFE | 14,828 | -77.4% |
| Residual income model RIM | No book value or return on equity | |
Dividend and residual income familyKRW
Discounted cash flow familyKRW
How the figures are calculated
Each model's formula is shown in symbols and then with this issue's own numbers substituted, step by step. Changing a value in the assumptions panel changes the numbers here too. Firm-level amounts are in hundred million won and per-share values in won.
Cost of equity
r = 4.40% + 1.13 × 5.00% = 10.05%
Initial growth
g_1 = g_T = 2.00%
Gordon growth model
P_0 = 500 × (1 + 2.00%) / (10.05% − 2.00%) = 510 / 0.0805 = 6,333 KRW
Dividend discount model DDM
D_0 = 500, g_1 = 2.00%, g_T = 2.00%, r = 10.05%
| Year | Growth | Dividend KRW | Discount factor | Present value KRW |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.00% | 510 | 0.9087 | 463 |
| 2 | 2.00% | 520 | 0.8257 | 430 |
| 3 | 2.00% | 531 | 0.7502 | 398 |
| 4 | 2.00% | 541 | 0.6817 | 369 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 552 | 0.6194 | 342 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 6,993 | 0.6194 | 4,332 |
| Total | 6,333 | |||
P_0 = 6,333 KRW
Discounted cash flow FCFE
Base-year cash flow FCFE
FCFE_0 = 1,002.1 − 23.3 + 0.0 (net borrowing) = 978.8 KRW hundred million
| Year | Growth | Cash flow KRW hundred million | Discount factor | Present value KRW hundred million |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.00% | 998.3 | 0.9087 | 907.1 |
| 2 | 2.00% | 1,018.3 | 0.8257 | 840.8 |
| 3 | 2.00% | 1,038.7 | 0.7502 | 779.2 |
| 4 | 2.00% | 1,059.4 | 0.6817 | 722.2 |
| 5 | 2.00% | 1,080.6 | 0.6194 | 669.4 |
| Terminal value | 2.00% | 13,688.2 | 0.6194 | 8,479.1 |
| Total | 12,397.8 | |||
P_0 = 12,397.8 KRW hundred million ÷ 83,610,568 (shares) = 14,828 KRW
The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium. Initial growth is the newest fiscal year's return on equity times its retention ratio, floored at zero, and falls by equal steps from that value in the first year to the terminal rate in the fifth. Only the Gordon model grows at the terminal rate from the start. Discounted cash flow starts from operating cash flow less capital expenditure, where FCFF adds after-tax interest paid and discounts at the weighted average cost of capital, and FCFE adds net borrowing and discounts at the cost of equity. The residual income model adds to book value per share the present value of earnings above the equity charge.
- A model price is the arithmetic outcome of the stated assumptions, and is neither a target price nor a basis for an investment decision.
- The cost of equity is the risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium, and the risk premium and the terminal growth rate are assumptions the reader may change.
- The cash flow models take borrowings and cash only from years in which the filer itemized those lines, and a year without them yields no figure.
- Every model assumes the newest fiscal year's figures grow at a rate that converges in equal steps from the first year's rate to the terminal rate by the fifth year, and paths outside that assumption are not represented.